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Here by Rome we mean the pope. The western Roman Empire had long fallen by then. The pope asked the Charlemagne, king of the Franks, to attack the Lombards and end their rule in Italy. In exchange, the pope crowned Charlemagne Roman emperor. Italy became part of Charlemagne's empire, which has been called Carolingian empire because it was ruled by Charlemagne's close relatives after his death. Charlemagne also invaded northern Germany and part of Spain. His empire came to cover most of continental Western Europe apart from most of the Iberian peninsula, Denmark and Scandinavia, and what was East Germany.

Charlemagne was given the title of Roman emperor to symbolise the independence of Italy and the west from the Eastern Roman Empire. Central Italy had been under the control of this empire and the Popes (who were only Bishops of Rome back then) were subordinates of the emperor of the east, even though they had managed to gain considerable autonomy. The alliance with Charlemagne provided the military power for this 'breakaway' from Constantinople.

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