You can potentially do a lot of damage, far more in a late model car. Perhaps none at all to a pre-war one. It will depend entirely on the particular car you do it to.
it will arch out and melt the knobs on your battery and your cables
no- if you connect a battery the wring way round you will short the battery on a modern car you may damage the ECU
once a battery is connected even if the key is not in the ignition, there is always power at certain points in your car. Connecting a battery backwards will not start your car, but it can and will fry the wires to your starter.
When a car battery in connected to itself (i.e. You connect jumper cables onto a battery and then connect the other two connectors to each other), you create a continual circuit with the battery and nothing else. A similar effect is when you hold a 9 Volt battery to your tongue and you feel a small but continual "zap". Imagine this effect, but much greater. Sparks will appear when the connectors are first connected. Warning: Do not do this. This will damage your car battery. The only reason you should connect a car battery through jumper cables is to connect it to another car's battery in order to "jump" a car.
You can't recharge it hooked up in reverse. You will destroy the battery or the charger if you try it.
Possibly, wrong polarity. Check whether you connect the battery correctly or you are using a correct battery.
You connect the positive terminal first.
If you connect the terminals together with them unhooked from the battery and the engine off, yes that is also called a capacitive discharge.If you connect the terminals together with them unhooked from the battery and the engine off, yes that is also called a capacitive discharge.
No! You should never cross connect two batteries or a battery to charger in this way. At minimum the battery could be damaged. At worst it could cause an explosion.
Connect the negative cable first.
Very Dangerous........it would be a dead short. andcouldcause a fire or explosion.
Disconnect the negative cable first when disconnecting a car battery