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At first, nothing drastic will happen; the car is capable of running only water as a coolant, but only for a short amount of time. There are many reasons why a proper mix of water and coolant are required for engines.

Firstly, the recommended mix of coolant and water will yield a solution with a unique specific heat capacity, meaning it has a very low freezing point and a very high melting point. Should only water be used, freezing temperatures can cause the water to freeze and expand, resulting in major damage to the engine. Similarly, water will boil at 100C/212F; an engine running on a warm day will easily exceed these temperatures and boiling water in an engine will lead to trouble.

Finally, the ingredients in coolant are designed to resist corrosion through the areas it passes. Water does not have this ability, and will instead lead to corrosion.

Adding water as coolant is an acceptable temporary fix to get a car to a mechanic, but should not be used otherwise.

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Q: What happens if you run a car on just water no coolant?
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