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They are put in institutions like orphanages.
There are no orphanages in Utah. Children who have no parents or whose parents have abandonded them or have been deemed unfit to raise them are placed in foster care and/or put up for adoption.
We have foster care, but no orphanages .
There are no orphanages in Australia. Australia utilises foster homes for children who cannot be cared for by their own family members, and there is a very low number of babies given up for adoption, meaning that these children are adopted out immediately. There are, however, a number of historical orphanages. One is Monte Pio Girl's Home, located in Campbell's Hill in New South Wales. See the related link below for more information. Similarly, St Vincent Home for Children (Brisbane) is an historic orphanage which still cares for children in a variety of way, but is no longer run as an orphanage. See the link below.
Martha Nelson Vogt has written: 'Searching for home' -- subject(s): Biography, Case studies, Children's Aid Society (New York, N.Y.), Foster children, Foster home care, Orphanages
Nowadays there aren't really that many orphanages, as they have been replaced by foster homes, where children have a better chance at being adopted, not to mention better supervision by the state government. The basic philosophy of an orphanage is the care of children whose parents have died, also known as orphans. Because of the structure and environment and the multitude of children orphanages were notorious for having, it seemed like a jail or prison for kids, except the children are not there for punitive reasons. But often times orphanages are underfunded and therefore do not provide all of the amenities they should for children they care for, hence the incarcerated environment.
An orphanage is an institution devoted to the care of children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing. Foster care and more extensive adoption programs have been the preferred practice in many developed nations. However, there will always be a situation where there is a shortage of foster parents and will require orphanages to provide care for children.
You can ask, but it won't happen. Adoption of non-family members doesn't happen in Australia, since there aren't any functioning orphanages anymore. The only adoption that happens is overseas adoption. Fostering is no avenue to adoption in Australia.
For hundreds of years, children that could no longer live with their parents for whatever reason were housed in orphanages. After many studies and as people became more aware of the long term impact of being brought up in an institutional evironment, it became clear that a family situation - even a temporary one - was prefered to orphanages. Slowly the legal system changed to recognize this too and the foster care system was developed to answer this need.
This all depends on the funding sources of the orphanage. There are very few institutional settings type orphanages, in favor of foster homes, which have fewer children and provide better care then a typical orphanage.
If the child's parents are no longer in the legal picture, then there are steps to follow in order to adopt the child. Many foster children are in foster care while their parents get education, jobs and/or get off of drugs, so the child or children are not available for adoption.
Orphanages are not like what they once used to be known for, cruel caretakers and working day and night (a la Annie). These days most orphanages take care of the children with loving caretakers, give them an education and help them find loving foster families. One such organization is the General Israel Orphans Home for Girls which specializes in finding Jewish orphans a place to call home. Located in Jerusalem, Israel this orphanage sees a lot of young children being orphaned, due to the inclement climate in Israel.