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George Eulas Foster was a Canadian politician and author who wrote several books on Canadian history and politics, including "The Making of Canada" and "Sir Wilfrid Laurier." He was also a journalist and served as a Member of Parliament.
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∙ 9y agoGeorge Eulas Foster has written:
'Canadian addresses. --' -- subject(s): Canada, Politics and government
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What has the author George Eulas Foster Sherwood written?
George Eulas Foster Sherwood has written: 'Calculus' -- subject(s): Calculus
When was George Eulas Foster born?
George Eulas Foster was born in 1847.
When did George Eulas Foster die?
George Eulas Foster died in 1931.
Where do i find Software for nav-track pwm-3501?
FOR WINDOWS XP follow this linkhttp://microsoft.com/windowsmobile/enus/downloads/eulas/eula activesync45 10033.mspx?ProductID=76follow the instructions to download the ActiveSync 4.5.accept and downloadsave to desktoprun "Setup.msi" to install.CHEERS!
How do copyrights affect a user of Photoshop CS6?
There are a couple of ways to answer this. First, copyright protects the software itself, so you are limited by the End User Licensing Agreement in how you use it. For the most part, software EULAs just say you can install the software on one computer at a time, make a backup of it in case of crashes, and remove and re-install the software as needed. Copyright also protects brushes, patterns, and fonts you may use within the application; add-ons and third-party content in particular can have additional licensing, similar to the software's EULA. If you're starting absoutely 100% from scratch, with a blank file, and everything you put in it is your original work, it is automatically protected by copyright as soon as it is "fixed in a tangible medium," which in this case honestly means as soon as you save the file, and every time you save the file. If you're starting with existing content and modifying it in some way, that content may be protected, and depending on what you intend to do with it may require permission from the copyright holder.
How does copyright affect IT?
Copyright law gives an author, composer, or artist several exclusive rights: copy, publish, distribute, perform, make derivative works, etc., depending upon the type of work.Information technology (especially digitization) has made the process of copying, publishing and distributing digital copies very inexpensive. New forms of media have been created, raising new questions of law: does a user of a computer have additional inherent rights to make copies of software or other files during computer operations?On the electronic side of IT, microscopic integrated circuit technology became extremely valuable and so-called "mask works" (for creating the functional layers of semiconductors) were found to be not subject to copyright because of their functional nature. A new type of statutory protection was created, outside of copyright, to protect these expensive artworks from illegal copying.Digital audio tapes (and later media) spawned an entirely new way of making and distributing copies of sound recordings, including copyrighted music. New methods were created for collecting and sharing the royalty revenue, and for protection against bootleg copies. New laws were created to cover digital piracy, copy protection, and the information related to copies (the author, date, owner, license terms, etc).The rapid spread of the internet, particularly the www protocols in the early 1990s, made nearly everyone with a computer a potential publisher. On the flip side, every "web browser" automatically downloads a copy of a "web page", as part of its normal operation to display the information the author has published, under a newly "implied license" to make copies, at least for personal use. New questions arose regarding the distinctions between having authorized an infinite number of copies and having no protection for what recipients can do with those copies.A large segment of the population began to confuse or conflate the concepts that "anyone can have one for free" and "public domain."Trade related intellectual property rights became increasingly important in international relations. New questions arose regarding harmonization of copyright laws, jurisdiction over online copying in "cyberspace", and the issues related to automatic translations and limits on converting copies to new types of storage media.As faster network speeds became economical and protocols more efficient, the new channels were quickly filled with new media: online music, video, photographs. A new wave of treaties and statutes will attempt to rationalize the royalties with modern copying and distribution means.
Is downloading a copyrighted game illegal?
Good one, but I'm afraid that in some cases it is illegal to download games if they are already marketed and did not intend to have any demos or trials on the InternetSpore, a game by EA and Maxis, had a free trial, but still, some games do not. When someone offers you a deal, don't accept it unless you want to be arrested someday.However, there are some games that are 100% safe and free that you can get right off the Internet like online multiplayer board games. Occasionally, the people who made these also sell versions with more features off the shelves for a very cheap price.Don't steal or pirate games if the original company who created the game did not mention that this is alright.
How can you legally start an online software business?
To legally start an online software business, you need to follow several important steps. Here's a general guide: Business Structure: Determine the legal structure of your business, such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, LLC, or corporation. Consult with a legal professional or business advisor to understand the implications of each structure and choose the one that best suits your needs. Business Name and Registration: Choose a unique and memorable name for your software business. Conduct a search to ensure the name is not already in use. Register your business name with the appropriate government authority in your jurisdiction. Licenses and Permits: Determine if you require any specific licenses or permits to operate an online software business in your location. Research the regulations and requirements related to your industry, software development, and online business activities. Intellectual Property Protection: If your software has unique features or innovations, consider protecting your intellectual property through patents, copyrights, or trademarks. Consult with an intellectual property attorney to understand the best approach for safeguarding your software assets. Terms of Service and Privacy Policy: Develop comprehensive and legally compliant Terms of Service and Privacy Policy for your online software business. These documents outline the rules, rights, and responsibilities of users and help protect your business from potential legal issues. Contracts and Agreements: Create legally binding contracts and agreements for your software business. This may include end-user license agreements (EULAs), software development agreements, service contracts, or partnership agreements, depending on your business model and relationships with clients, customers, or collaborators. Tax Obligations: Understand and fulfill your tax obligations as an online software business. Consult with an accountant or tax professional to ensure you comply with local tax laws, including income tax, sales tax, and any other applicable taxes. Data Protection and Privacy: Familiarize yourself with data protection and privacy regulations in your jurisdiction, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union. Implement measures to protect user data and ensure compliance with applicable privacy laws. Insurance: Consider obtaining appropriate business insurance to protect against potential risks and liabilities associated with your online software business. Common insurance types for software businesses include professional liability insurance, cyber liability insurance, and general liability insurance. Compliance with Export Controls: If your software is subject to export controls, ensure compliance with applicable export regulations. Understand any restrictions on exporting your software to certain countries or entities and take necessary precautions. Remember, this is a general guide, and the specific requirements and regulations may vary depending on your location and the nature of your software business. It is always recommended to consult with legal and business professionals to ensure you comply with all legal obligations when starting your online software business. Regenerate response
What is the spyware history?
Spyware has been around since the late 1990s when programs such as Elf Bowling were first introduced. Elf Bowling was a silly little free game that took the internet by storm during the Christmas season of 1999. Only trouble was, Elf Bowling packed more than silly little elves. Elf Bowling was actually a stealth program that reported user information back to its developers. As spyware has evolved, it has grown more complex and more complex solutions have evolved along with it. Today, anti-spyware technology exists to detect and remove these nasty programs. Unfortunately, digital con artists are sneaky and many anti-spyware programs are actually spyware disguised as an anti-spyware solution! The technology behind detecting and removing spyware is complex. Known spyware definitions are input into databases and algorithms are created to detect known spyware behaviors such as unethical installation practices. When an anti-spyware program scans a computer system, it compares files to its definition database, if a file comes up as a match to an existing known spyware program the anti-spyware program detects it and alerts the user to its presence. From there, the user can choose to remove it or leave it alone. Another method of detecting spyware is by comparing a program's behaviors. For example, if a particular program demonstrates unethical installation practices such as installing without the user's knowledge, the anti-spyware will alert the user to its presence. Other installation practices that may raise red flags include: installing through ActiveX controls, installing as part of a bundle (piggybacking on another program), aggressive solicitations for installation and more. In general, if a user is unaware of the program being installed, anti-spyware will consider it a problem. Anti-spyware technology also searches EULAs (end user license agreements) for practices that are considered to open the door to spyware such as the right to install additional software without the user's request, the right to alter other software by disabling, blocking or removing it, the right to use the computer for the software designer's own uses or by imposing other restrictions not in the user's interest. When a piece of software makes certain changes to a user's system, an anti-spyware program might become suspicious. When the software changes home page settings, search page settings, error page and other browser preferences without the user's intervention it's usually a sign of spyware doing its work. Other known behaviors include: routing internet traffic through a different route, disabling or bypassing security and privacy programs, modifying internet connection settings to block access, using the user's modem to dial adult or international phone numbers. When anti-spyware software detects these behaviors it alerts the user to a possible spyware infection. Programs that lack decent removal procedures are also detected using anti-spyware technology. Programs that make it difficult to remove by not providing an uninstall option or making users go to a website for removal are considered suspect by anti-spyware programs. Spyware is more than a nuisance; spyware is capable of stealing personal information from your computer and sending it to third parties. This includes financial information and information that thieves could use to steal your identity. As spyware continues to grow more sophisticated, so too must anti-spyware. In the game of digital spy vs. spy, it's best to arm yourself with the best technology can provide against spyware.
Logo for shirts do you need a license or copyright on this logo?
No you don't.Copyright Laws In Logo DesignBased on the definition given by AIGA above, you own the copyright of your own design once "you create it in a "fixed" form of expression" but the question is where can you draw this line?For example, say I am going to design a logotype (ie. a logo that is made out of a typeface only)… this means I will have to use a typeface designed by another designer. Assuming I have paid for the license of that particular typeface, does this give me exclusive rights to change / alter the typeface and then resell it onto a client?The closest answer I came across was found in this article titled Can We Use Fonts In Logo Design? by Mark Moulton, of the Graphic Artists Guild.It is true that the USA Copyright Office does not copyright typeface design. However, that does not mean that typeface does not have some restrictions. Specifically in the Copyright Ruling of 1988 it says regarding typefaces: "Useful articles are not protected except to the extent the articles contain artistic features capable of existing separately and independently of the overall utilitarian shape. Variations of typographic ornamentation [or] "mere lettering" are not copyrightable."Turning that legal jumble into English, it is to my understanding (correct me if I am wrong) that we CAN NOT edit a font and sell it to a client as "mere lettering" of the font. ie. Since our logo will be using characters out of a copyrighted typeface (scalable fonts are copyrightable) it is classified as "mere lettering" and it is "independent of the overall utilitarian shape" which means that it exists separately from the typeface itself, therefore making it illegal to sell on as a derivative of the typeface.So what can we do? Moulton continues on in the article:"Ask first [the type foundry], get permission [to use the typeface]. Most type foundries have user agreements printed with the disks they supply or posted online at their websites. All user agreements are not alike. Read through them and see if permission is already granted. If the foundry does not hold all the licensing to the typeface then they should be able to provide you with the name of the artist who created it."So to clarify, to use any part of a scalable typeface in a logo design that we want to resell onto a client, we must firstread the user agreement and / or check with foundry to confirm whether we may use the typeface in the logo design.Moulton confirms this in his replies saying that:It's typically permissible to use typefaces in brochures, books, magazines, and other enlightening, and informative works because the typeface is being used as typeface. But speciality uses (such as logo design) are going to require that you do a little homework. Be sure to read that user agreement which comes with your font.Font Licensing / Design Patents / TrademarksOn this topic of font licensing one should also know that:"When a font is 'purchased' the user never really owns the font - they typically receive a license to use that font on only one computer. These End User License Agreements (EULAs) differ between companies but generally state quite clearly that the fonts may only be used on machines for which there is a valid license."Based on this fact, this means that you can not send clients any fonts unless the user agreement specifically allows it. Fonts must be purchased separately per user otherwise it is a violation of the end-user license agreement between the logo designer and the typeface designer.This leaves me to one question that I could not find the answer to… Does this mean the client will have to pay for another license of the font to be able to use the logo design or do they only have to purchase another license if they want to use the whole typeface? I would presume the latter but I could be wrong.You Can Still Legally Copy A FontWhile researching I also came across something that really caught my eye… According to the SIL:"If a type designer wants to 'copy' a font in a manner legal in the USA, they would now be required to print out every glyph at large size on a printer, then scan the image and import it into the font design program. They could then manually or automatically trace the image. This seems to be perfectly legal under current understandings of US copyright law, but may not be morally acceptable."
What were the main accomplishments of Mackenzie Bowell as Prime Minister?
1911-1920 (Volume XIV)BOWELL, Sir MACKENZIE, newspaperman, militia officer, Orangeman, and politician; b. 27 Dec. 1824 in Rickinghall, England, son of John Bowell and Elizabeth Marshall; m. 23 Dec. 1847 Harriet Louisa Moore (d. 1884) in Belleville, Upper Canada, and they had four sons and five daughters; d. there 10 Dec. 1917.Mackenzie Bowell emigrated to the Canadas with his parents in 1833. It took them eight weeks to reach Quebec City and another week to go from Montreal to the Bay of Quinte, on the north shore of Lake Ontario. They settled there in the village of Belleville, where John Bowell had relatives. He was a cabinet-maker and Mackenzie learned that trade. Though he continued to help his father in the evenings, in 1834 or 1835 he went to work as a printer's devil for George Benjamin*, editor and owner of the Belleville Intelligencer.Young Mac served as Benjamin's right hand, especially when Benjamin was in politics. In 1848 he became a partner in the Intelligencer; the following year he and his brother-in-law took over its printing business. Bowell assumed sole proprietorship of the weekly in the early 1850s. In 1867 he launched a daily edition and in 1875 the Intelligencer Printing and Publishing Company was incorporated. A founding member of the Canadian Press Association in 1859, he was its president in 1865-66.Bowell's rise came as much from steady public involvement as it did from journalism. The chair for several years of both the board of school trustees and the grammar school board, he was a member and vice-president of the local board of agriculture and arts as well. In 1865, with Henry Corby*, Billa Flint*, and others, he established a board of trade; Bowell himself was a president or director of several companies besides the Intelligencer. A keen supporter of the militia in Hastings County, he helped organize the Belleville Volunteer Militia Rifle Company in 1857; he saw active duty at Amherstburg, Upper Canada, during the American Civil War, and at Prescott during the Fenian disturbances of 1866. He would retire from the militia in 1874 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the 49th (Hastings) Battalion of Rifles. During these decades Bowell gained recognition too as a leading member of the Orange order, which he had joined in 1842. In 1870-78 he was grand master of the lodge in British North America, and in 1876, in Londonderry (Northern Ireland), he was elected president of the order's Imperial Triennial Council.When George Benjamin chose not to run for re-election in Hastings North in the provincial election of 1863, Bowell decided to try his hand there as the Conservative candidate. Helping him campaign was Benjamin's last major effort - he would die the following year. Bowell was defeated but he was elected for the same constituency to the new House of Commons in 1867. He would hold Hastings North for the next 25 years.Bowell first came into political prominence in April 1874, when, as an Orange spokesman, he moved for the expulsion from the commons of Louis Riel*, leader of the uprising at Red River (Man.). A casualty of that event had been Thomas Scott*, an Irish Orangeman from Hastings whose execution stirred passions there. In 1878, after the Conservatives' electoral victory, Sir John A. Macdonald* appointed Bowell minister of customs, a portfolio he would retain until after the prime minister's death. His principal task was the supervision of the main source of government revenue. As a consequence of the National Policy tariff of 1879 many new rules were established and a number of new rates based on the advalorem principle were adopted. A board of dominion customs appraisers was created in June 1879, including appraisers from Halifax, Saint John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston, Toronto, and London. Bowell believed it was essential to have common policies; it was already apparent that different ports gave different evaluations for the same goods. Moreover, an advalorem determination of duties meant that invoices could be, and often were, deliberately understated. The Customs Act clearly laid down that the invoiced value had to be based on fair market price in the country of origin. The board of appraisers reported to Bowell that its actions provoked grumblings and some enmity from importers, but customs was like that. As the board's secretary, Charles Belford*, noted, "The 'ignorant impatience of taxation' is not confined to the thoughtless or the uneducated."In the political side of his office, Bowell dealt mainly in the small change of politics: jobs, salary increases, promotions, and patronage. He seems to have been scrupulous in following government rules, but there were exceptions. Macdonald frequently enquired of him, in benign fashion, when, where, and if the rules might be bent. A minor customs appointment was suggested in a covering letter from Macdonald in 1884: "If you can possibly do this for the Bishop do it. It is of very great importance just now to keep him not only friendly but Earnest in the cause." Even more headstrong members of cabinet learned to write in the same vein. Sir William Young*, former chief justice of Nova Scotia, asked railways minister Sir Charles Tupper if two iron summer-houses being made in Glasgow for Point Pleasant Park in Halifax could be brought in free of duty. Tupper sent the letter to Bowell, asking "What can you do for Sir William?"Bowell would not always bend before political requests. Paul-Étienne Grandbois, mp for Témiscouata, Que., came to Macdonald in July 1884 with a plea for a constituent, a Captain Charette, whose vessel had been seized for smuggling spirits from Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. It was a clear case. The cargo was condemned, but Grandbois pleaded for the restitution of the vessel to Charette on the ground that he was a simple-minded man of good character. Macdonald sent affidavits to Bowell "so that you may if possible have mercy upon the owner of the schooner and let him off as easily as your conscience will allow." Bowell in return sent Macdonald a full documentation of the seizure. After reading this dossier Macdonald backed Bowell completely, agreeing that "the most rigorous steps should be taken to condemn the vessels [apparently more than one was involved] and to bring all the parties to justice."Bowell's talents were administrative: he was conscientious, hard-working, and scrupulous. Customs, with its large bureaucracy, steadily changing schedules of rates, stream of demands from manufacturers and importers, and detailed fiscal components, required such talents. Moreover, Bowell was patient at unravelling patronage problems. The postmastership of Belleville in 1880 is a case in point. Senator Robert Read of Belleville wanted it for his son-in-law, both men from large families of Conservatives. The brother of Sir Alexander Campbell*, the postmaster general, was also a candidate. Belleville distiller Henry Corby wanted it for a nominee of his and wrote Macdonald accordingly. It was this letter, passed on to Bowell by Macdonald, that occasioned Bowell's revelation of the actual situation in Belleville. He calmly gave his chief a tour d'horizon of the postmastership and then added, almost as an afterthought, that "the position is not vacant nor do I know when it will be as the present Post Master Mr. [James Hubbard] Meacham is to all appearances as capable of performing the duties as he has been for years past and has no intention of resigning, and cannot under the law be superannuated not being a Civil Servant but paid by fees."After Macdonald's death in 1891 Bowell retained his customs portfolio under John Joseph Caldwell Abbott*. In addition, he was acting minister of railways and canals from June 1891 to January 1892, at which time he was made minister of militia and defence. On the accession of Sir John Sparrow David Thompson* as prime minister in December 1892, Bowell was elevated to the Senate and became government leader there, with a newly created portfolio, trade and commerce. He was assigned two controllers as assistants: John Fisher Wood* for inland revenue and Nathaniel Clarke Wallace* for customs.When Thompson went to Paris in March 1893 as a British representative on the arbitration over sealing in the Bering Sea, Bowell, as senior minister, became acting prime minister. His selection had nothing to do with his talents; it was simply the custom that the senior minister assumed this duty. It may be a measure of Thompson's lack of full confidence in Bowell that much of the significant correspondence, while Thompson was in Paris, is with George Eulas Foster, acting leader in the commons.In September 1893 Bowell, as minister of trade and commerce and duly instructed by cabinet, went to Australia with Sandford Fleming to talk about trade between the Australasian colonies and Canada and the proposed Pacific cable. He went by the new Vancouver-Sydney steamship line, itself a point of discussion, and returned in January 1894. The results of his work were so encouraging that Canada took the initiative in calling an intercolonial conference, to meet in Ottawa at the end of June to discuss intercolonial trade and imperial preference. The conference was really Bowell's idea. Six of the seven Australian colonies sent delegates, as did Fiji, the Cape Colony, and a still independent Hawaii. The British government sent an observer, not a delegate; it was not at all sure it liked such colonial initiatives.The conference of 1894 may well represent the best reach of Bowell's talents. He was 71, an age when many think of honours, reputation, and coasting. The Australian adventure had been a great fillip to his self-esteem. Younger cabinet colleagues called him Grandpa Bowell; he looked the part, with his full white beard, but the appellation may also have signified intellectual limitations. There is evidence that Thompson was looking for ways to ease him out of cabinet when Thompson died suddenly on 12 Dec. 1894 in England.Governor General Lord Aberdeen [Hamilton-Gordon*] now had a difficult choice. The cabinet had been held together, disciplined one might say, by Thompson's strength, suavity, and knowledge. It now fell back into constituent parts, each with members who displayed individual prejudices and jealousies. Thompson had left no intimations about a successor, and there was no clear choice. Foster was able but waspish. John Graham Haggart was able but lazy, and, as Lady Aberdeen [Marjoribanks*] said, "a Bohemian." Neither would serve under the other. Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper*, probably the most capable and resolute member of cabinet, was self-willed and headstrong. None of the others offered much. The one person in the Conservative party left out of the consideration was old Sir Charles Tupper, then in London as Canada's high commissioner. Thompson had grown to dislike Tupper Sr, his pushy ways, his penchant for the improvement of Tupperdom. Thompson's view was shared by his widow, Annie Emma [Affleck], and, even more important, by Lady Aberdeen. Any prejudice that Lord Aberdeen had acquired against the elder Tupper via Sir John Thompson had ample domestic reinforcement.When Thompson had gone to London in 1894, Bowell was again acting prime minister. On 13 December, the day after Thompson died, Lord Aberdeen invited Bowell to discuss the position of affairs with his cabinet colleagues, and with him. Bowell said he would not consult his colleagues. He doubtless knew what their opinions were on his becoming prime minister, but he would see the governor general, leaving Lord Aberdeen free afterward to consult whomsoever he chose.After conferring with a prominent Roman Catholic senator, Sir Frank Smith*, about Bowell's political suitability, the governor general asked him on the evening of the 13th to form a government. By the 21st Bowell had put a government together, with himself as president of the Privy Council as well as prime minister. The new administration included all the ministers from Thompson's cabinet save Sir John Carling; eight members kept their previous positions. Bowell was delighted with his accession to the highest political office in the country. Knighthood came to him on New Year's Day 1895. He had never been guilty of underestimating his own capacity. Now his vanity expanded beyond reason. He had seen a good deal of Sir John A. Macdonald's methods of governing the party and he believed he could emulate him. But to imitate Macdonald demanded a reach of intelligence and a finely tuned discrimination wholly unavailable to Sir Mackenzie Bowell. What to him was cleverness was, to others, evasion, weakness, unreliability, and fatuity. The governor general found that Bowell liked to have a trapdoor for escape in case of danger. Moreover, it was difficult to hold him to a point of policy because he had not sufficiently possessed himself of it in the first place or, if he had, he had forgotten. Aberdeen thus had reason to become uneasy about so slippery a prime minister, one who found it difficult to be frank and could not be trusted.In Bowell's defence, it has to be said that his ministry was split into factions and that the Canadian ship of state had in these months a very hard helm. One difficulty was Manitoba. There the Roman Catholic minority clamoured for federal remedial legislation to restore the public support to their schools that had been abolished by the provincial government of Thomas Greenway*. The decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the Brophy case, delivered on 29 Jan. 1895, forced the federal government to redress their grievances. Bowell's Orangeism did not block his willingness to do whatever the law said he must do for the aggrieved Catholics. But what action was to be taken? How was it to be implemented? Should there be, as some wanted, a general election first? To these questions the members of the Bowell cabinet returned different answers. If ever a government needed a firm, judicious hand, it was now.One member, minister of justice C. H. Tupper, succeeded in persuading his colleagues to accept the principle of the remedial order. It was issued on 21 March as an order in council, which declared that Manitoba must pass new legislation restoring to Roman Catholics their separate school privileges. At first the government went along with Tupper, that, having issued the remedial order, it would go to a dissolution at once. But several English-speaking members of cabinet then urged upon Bowell the ingenious idea of a further session, in 1896, which would delay the whole nasty issue and perhaps even allow time for it to be solved without a plunge into an election. Tupper did not like this course; indignant over the repudiation of a clear-cut policy, he tendered his resignation on the 21st. Bowell replied that to appeal to the country when the heather was afire would be inexcusable. Tupper retorted angrily on the 25th that "the beginning of the blaze is a more auspicious period than the middle. . . . You cannot, I fear, keep Parliament together long enough to see the end of this fire." The intervention of the governor general, Senator George Alexander Drummond*, and Sir Donald Alexander Smith, brought Tupper back at the end of March with the proviso that if no settlement with Manitoba was reached, remedial legislation would be introduced in the 1896 session.Bowell seems to have believed that a political settlement with Manitoba was possible and that there was going to be no need to put a difficult and complex constitutional issue to the arbitrament of the hustings. Manitoba's clever reply in June 1895 to the remedial order held out hopes that, with more information and negotiation, some compromise could be reached. By January 1896, however, things had turned for the worse. Senator Auguste-Réal Angers, the minister of agriculture, had resigned in July 1895 and Bowell could not find a French Canadian to replace him; the government had lost two critical by-elections in Quebec over the school issue; and Nathaniel Clarke Wallace, Orange grand master and the great anti-remedialist in the ministry, had resigned in December. Parliament opened on 2 Jan. 1896 with the government in furious disarray. Within 24 hours there was a revolt against Bowell by about half the cabinet; seven ministers resigned on the 4th and urged the governor general to replace Bowell with old Sir Charles Tupper. The seven were led by Foster, Haggart, and Walter Humphries Montague [see John Fisher Wood]. Thomas Mayne Daly, a loyal cabinet colleague, encouraged Bowell to be reasonable for the sake of the party. The session would be a rough one and strong men would be needed on the government side. However much Bowell disliked the seven "traitors," he needed them. He would not be able to get others, not on the eve of a divisive session over which hung a sinister cloud: the general election that had to be called by 25 April 1896. Furthermore, Daly pointed out, if Bowell did not have a government the governor general would soon have to find another one.Aberdeen's actions in helping to patch up this cabinet rupture were based on his dislike of calling in Tupper as prime minister. As important was his mistaken belief that the seven rebels had, as the basis of their insurrection, the aim of avoiding remedial legislation, to which the cabinet was pledged. Here the governor general was almost certainly misled by Bowell, whose vanity could not allow that the rebels disliked him personally. Bowell therefore alleged the policy difference. Hence, Aberdeen pressed him to try to reconstruct. But after four days, 4-7 January, Bowell had to give up. Early on the 8th he formally tendered his resignation.Then an odd event occurred. That afternoon, in room 25 of the Senate, Angers, Joseph Bolduc, and Philippe Landry were talking with three mps when the governor general's aide-de-camp knocked on the door, asking to speak to Angers. Aberdeen wanted private advice from him on what to do about Bowell's resignation. Angers's advice was given at once: refuse the resignation on the grounds that the house had not yet voted its reply to the speech from the throne. This position is precisely the ground Aberdeen took later that day in refusing Bowell's resignation.Several rebels then learned that Aberdeen had not been given the true state of affairs by Bowell. They went to Government House with their version, that they and certainly old Sir Charles Tupper were not anti-remedialists. This account was news to Aberdeen. Next the newspapers reported that Aberdeen's aide had been seen visiting Wilfrid Laurier, leader of the opposition. The rebels jumped to the conclusion that Aberdeen was thinking of calling on him to form a government. That did it. As C. H. Tupper said, "We all turned in like sheep into the fold, at the very rumour." The "traitors" returned to cabinet on 15 January with the exception of C. H. Tupper, who was left out in the reshuffle of ministers because of his father's likely return. Thus did the rebels come back, with the compromise that Tupper Sr would lead in the commons and that, when the session was over, Bowell would resign as prime minister and Tupper would take over the government and go to an election.That was what happened. Still, there were hopes, never abandoned by the governor general or the government, that Manitoba might agree to a compromise before any election, that remedial legislation, though introduced in parliament on 11 February, might still not have to be passed. Even after the motion for second reading came up three weeks later, hopes and negotiations were not abandoned. But the determined opposition of the Liberal party to the remedial bill, which was withdrawn on 16 April, and the simple fact that the government had to dissolve before 26 April, made the running. Bowell's resignation on the 27th, as promised, was not much regretted. So well did Tupper fight the election of June 1896 that he actually got more popular votes than Laurier (46 per cent against 45), but Laurier won on the basis of seats in Quebec, which went 49 to 16 for the Liberals.Bowell returned to the Senate, never forgetting or forgiving the "traitors" of January 1896. He was anything but a fainéant. Instead of retiring in decent obscurity to Belleville, he stood loyally to his work in the Senate. For the next two decades its Debates are full of his interventions. In 1896 too he resumed active control of the Intelligencer, which he had relinquished in 1878. At his 90th birthday in 1913 he was still going to his office at the newspaper, still inordinately vain, proud, for example, at people not guessing his age. He looked only 65, almost the age of his eldest daughter. In 1916, at 93, he set out to visit his son in Vancouver and then go on to the Yukon. The following year he died quietly at his William Street home in Belleville of old age and pneumonia, and was buried in Belleville Cemetery, just west of the city.Sir Mackenzie Bowell began his career with lusty Orange prejudices, but by the 1880s his fighting spirit was subsumed within Conservative politics and his Orange positions had softened. According to the Toronto Globe, it was Bowell who succeeded in making the Orange order more friendly to Catholics. That tolerance was born of political necessity. At Bowell's death, the Belleville Daily Ontario noted that he was not a great lawmaker or parliamentarian; he had no independent cast of mind. But mere mediocrity could not have taken him as far as he went. His aptness for public life was "administrative rather than constructive . . . he administered the affairs of that department [customs] honestly, fearlessly, efficiently. He left to others the long speeches and the framing of the statutes, while he kept the machinery of the government in motion." That is about as good an epitaph as Bowell, vain as he was, could have asked for. Others, Lord Aberdeen not least, set him down more harshly. Unreliable as Bowell was, his honesty seemed to them to be not the triumph of a strong mind, but the refuge of a weak one.ùP. B. Waite[Though he was long in politics, Sir Mackenzie Bowell's papers at the NA (MG 26, E) are not extensive, and they are particularly thin - virtually non-existent - for the years before 1867. His correspondence with Sir John A. Macdonald is in volumes 189-90 of the Macdonald papers (MG 26, A), and there are a number of Bowell letters, filed in chronological order, in the Thompson papers (MG 26, D). A small but useful collection of Bowell papers, mostly covering the period 1865-78, is available in QUA, and two Bowell scrapbooks, consisting of numerous clippings and cartoons (often, unfortunately, without provenance), are in the collections of the Hastings County Hist. Soc. at the Belleville Public Library, Belleville, Ont. (a microfilm copy is available at QUA). For Bowell's year and a half as prime minister, there is no better source than [I. M. Marjoribanks Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of] Aberdeen [and Temair], The Canadian journalof Lady Aberdeen, 1893-1898 (Toronto, 1960), especially John T. Saywell's elegant introduction to it. p.b.w.] iet Moore (1829 - 1884), with whom he had four sons and five daughters.Bowell was first elected to the House of Commons in 1867, as a Conservative, for the riding of North Hastings, Ontario. He held his seat for the Conservatives when they lost the election of January 1874, in the wake of the Pacific Scandal. Later that year he was instrumental in having Louis Riel expelled from the House. In 1878, with the Conservatives again governing, he joined the cabinet as Minister of Customs. In 1892 he became Minister of Militia and Defence. A competent, hardworking administrator, Bowell remained in Cabinet as Minister of Trade and Commerce, a newly made portfolio, after he became a senator that same year. His visit to Australia in 1893 led to the first conference of British colonies and territories, held in Ottawa in 1894. He became Leader of the Government in the Senate on October 31, 1893.In December 1894, Prime Minister Sir John Thompson died suddenly and Bowell, as the most senior Cabinet minister, was appointed in Thompson's stead by the Governor General. Bowell thus became the second of just two Canadian Prime Ministers to hold that office while serving in the Senate rather than the House of Commons. (The first was John Abbott.)As Prime Minister, Bowell faced the troublesome Manitoba Schools Question. In 1890 Manitoba had abolished public funding of its Catholic schools, contrary to the provisions made for Catholics in the Manitoba Act of 1870. Bowell and his predecessors had struggled to solve this problem. The issue had divided the country, the government, and even Bowell's own Cabinet. He was further hampered in his handling of the issue by his own indecisiveness on it, and by his inability, as a Senator, to take part in debates in the House of Commons. Bowell backed legislation, already drafted, that would have forced Manitoba to restore its Catholic schools, but then postsponed it due to opposition within his Cabinet. With the ordinary business of government at a standstill, Bowell's Cabinet decided he was incompetent to lead and so, to force him to step down, seven ministers resigned, then foiled the appointment of successors. Though Bowell denounced them as "a nest of traitors," he had to agree to resign. After ten days, through an intervention on Bowell's behalf by the Governor General, the government crisis was resolved and matters seemingly returned normal when six of the ministers were reinstated, but leadership was thenceforth effectively held by Charles Tupper, who had joined Cabinet at the same time, filling the seventh place. Tupper, who had been Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, had been recalled by the plotters to replace Bowell. Bowell formally resigned in favour of Tupper at the end of the parliamentary session.Bowell stayed on in the Senate, serving as his party's leader there until 1906, and afterward as a plain Senator until his death. He died of pneumonia in Belleville, only days short of turning 94, and was buried in the Belleville Cemetery. His funeral was attended by a full complement of the Orange Order, but not by any currently or formerly elected member of the government.[citation needed]Bowell's descendants live in Hertfordshire, England.In their 1999 study of the Canadian Prime Ministers up through Jean Chrétien, J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer found that a survey of Canadian historians ranked Bowell #19 out of the 20 Prime Ministers up until then.sorry i don't now the anwers but here are some info
What is the definition for computer piracy?
The copyright infringement of software refers to several practices when done without the permission of the copyright holder: * Creating a copy and or selling it. This is the act most people refer to as software piracy. This is copyright infringement in most countries and is unlikely to be fair use or fair dealing if the work remains commercially available. In some countries the laws may allow the selling of a version modified for use by blind people, students (for non-educational product) or similar. Differences in legislation may also make the copyright void in some jurisdictions, but not the others. * Creating a copy and giving it to someone else. This constitutes copyright infringement in most jurisdictions. It is not infringing under specific circumstances such as fair use and fair dealing. In some countries, such as Israel, creating a copy is completely legal, as long as it was done from non-profit intentions. * Creating a copy to serve as a backup. This is seen as a fundamental right of the software-buyer in some countries, e.g., Germany, Spain, Brazil and Philippines. It can be infringement, depending on the laws and the case law interpretations of those laws, currently undergoing changes in many countries. In the US, legal action was taken against companies which made backup copies while repairing computers (see MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc. (1993)) and as a result, US law was changed to make it clear that this is not copyright infringement. * Renting the original software. Software licenses often try to restrict the usual right of a purchaser of a copyrighted work to let others borrow the work. In some jurisdictions the validity of such restrictions are disputed, but some require permission from the copyright holder to allow renting the software. * Reselling the original software. Licenses often say that the buyer does not buy the software but instead pays for the right to use the software. In the US, the first-sale doctrine, Softman v. Adobe [1] and Novell, Inc. v. CPU Distrib., Inc. ruled that software sales are purchases, not licenses, and resale, including unbundling, is lawful regardless of a contractual prohibition. The reasoning in Softman v. Adobe suggests that resale of student licensed versions, provided they are accurately described as such, is also not infringing. * Bulletin Board Sharing/Internet Piracy- Albacea et al (2005) states that this infringement occurs when System Operators shares (electronic transfer) copyrighted materials on bulletin boards or the internet for users to download. Copyright infringement of software is extremely common in Mexico, China, Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, United States, Zimbabwe, and several other parts of the world where it operates without restraint. However it is illegal and enforced in most western countries. Most countries have laws regarding copyright infringement of software but are poorly enforced. Software piracy, otherwise known as copyright infringement, is one of several forbidden actions that may be taken by the end user of a particular piece of software. Virtually all software programs today carry an end user license agreement, or EULA. Upon installing the software, the end user must agree to the EULA, or click-through-license, before the software will install. The EULA lays out conditions under which the software may and may not be used in keeping with copyright protections. Software piracy involves breaking the EULA agreement on one or more conditions. Some common examples of software piracy are: Making counterfeit copies for sale: While software piracy laws differ from nation to nation, this particular infringement is illegal in most countries. Obscure exceptions might exist for uncommon circumstances in certain countries, such as modification of a program for benefit of the disabled, but in general, duplicating software for the purpose of selling it is the classic definition of software piracy. Making counterfeit copies to give away: Though the United States recognizes "fair use" protection, which can allow protected work to be shared in a restricted manner as an allowable infringement, software piracy goes beyond "fair use." A less interpretive counterpart to fair use is "fair dealing," recognized by nations like Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Canada and the United Kingdom. These laws attempt to protect the rights of the end user and the good of society, counterbalanced by the rights of the copyright holder. A protected work that is shared with a neighbor might be considered fair use in some jurisdictions, but lines can be somewhat vague and varied as to exactly where protections end and software piracy begins. Generally speaking, anything that extends beyond personal use is commonly forbidden by the EULA and can bring legal questions into play. Hard-disk loading: Another form of software piracy is selling a computer system with illegal software already installed. Generally, the buyer does not receive manuals, license agreements, or even the CDs or diskettes containing the original program. Internet sharing: Software that is neither freeware nor shareware cannot be legally disseminated online. However, many software programs are readily available over P2P (peer to peer) networks, via binary newsgroups or in chat rooms. This type of software piracy is referred to as warez and has commonly been cracked to make it usable by anyone without restrictive copyright securities in place. Renting software: While libraries and educational institutions can purchase special licenses to rent some types of software, renting software in general is illegal and a form of software piracy. Unrestricted client access: Installing software on a server without a network license and allowing clients to access that software is considered software piracy. OEM/Unbundling: Selling OEM (original equipment manufacturer) software separate from the hardware it comes bundled with is another form of software piracy. Using personal software for commercial purposes: Many software programs are free for personal use, but require a license for commercial use. Using shareware beyond the trial period without paying for it: According to most shareware EULAs, a user must either pay for shareware or uninstall it after the trial period to avoid software piracy. Tampering with the copyright of any software, including freeware: Even freeware can be the subject of software piracy, when the copyright is illegally changed or the program is illegally modified then redistributed. The redistributed product does not require an original price tag to qualify as pirated software. Arguably, the most controversial form of software piracy relates to what many people consider simple 'personal use' -- buying a software program, then installing it on more than one personal machine. Some software licenses prohibit this, a restriction that many consumers see as corporate greed, especially where 'non-optional' programs such as operating systems are concerned. In many cases this has aligned otherwise law-abiding citizens with hackers and crackers when they seek ways around the specific copyright security provisions that they see as unfairly restrictive. Software piracy is reportedly costing the software industry an estimated US$10-$12 billion annually, with most of the piracy taking place outside the United States. About $6 billion is attributed to Asian losses, while another $3 billion falls to Western Europe. The United States accounts for about $2 billion annually, the least of any country. Software piracy in the United States is estimated to be about 25%, or one of every four commercial programs. To avoid software piracy, read the license agreement of every software program carefully. Public domain software is the only type of software that can be modified, changed, redistributed or used without restrictions.
