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What important contribution did Douglas MacArthur make to further or end cold war?
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What has the author Alan Douglas Ryder written?
Alan Douglas Ryder has written: 'A study of the accreditation of prior learning process and the response of Colleges of Further Education'
When was manila called open city?
Manila was declared open city by Gen Douglas MacArthur on December28,1941, to save the city from further destruction. The Japanese however continued to drop bombs all thru the night. Open city meant that the Fil-Am Forces were retreating and the Japanese Imperial Forces could take the city without any resistance.
Why did Truman remove General McArthur from command?
After U.S. forces recovered Seoul, the why-did-truman-fire-general-douglas-macarthurof South Korea, in spring of 1951 for the second time, President Truman proposed negotiations with North Korea, hoping for a truce and wanting to avoid having the war spread further in Asia and possibly involving the Soviet Union.MacArthur disagreed publicly. Declaring "there is no substitute for victory," MacArthur advocated another why-did-truman-fire-general-douglas-macarthurinto North Korea that would be coordinated with an attack on China by Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese leader who had been defeated by communists and had created a stronghold on the island of Taiwan. MacArthur found supporters in Congress. Truman fired MacArthur for challenging his authority as commander in chief.MacArthur returned to the United States for a rousing, hero's welcome before crowds in New York City and Washington, D.C. He addressed a joint session of Congress, where he justified his conduct in Korea and his bold plan for fighting communism. Many congressmen applauded MacArthur's plans. However, a subsequent congressional investigation concluded that MacArthur had violated his orders from the commander in chief. Omar Bradley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, emphasized that MacArthur risked involving the United States in a large-scale Asian land war against China, and possibly the Soviet Union, as well. It would be "the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy," concluded Bradley.
Where can one purchase a hunter Douglas silhouette?
There are plenty of places in order for one to purchase a hunter douglas silhouette. However, it is recommended that one should look for further information on the main website hunterdouglas.
What military strategy was used in the pacific?
the strategy of "island hopping" was used by the United States in the Pacific theater of world war two. Thought of by Douglas MacArthur, "island hopping" was a strategy that used the technique of jumping from island to island on a chain to control the chain as a whole vs attacking all the islands at once. This helped establish air base's on islands in order to conduct further operations and expand supply lines to more islands. Actually, both Nimitz and MacArthur based their Island Hopping on Plan Orange created by a joint war college of the War Department and Navy Department for action in the Western Pacific in the 1930s.
How important is further maths if i want to do a degree in physics?
Very important. Physics requirs a lot of mathematics.
What is Michael Douglas fan mail address?
Michael Douglas receives fan mail at: Further Films, Inc., 100 Universal City Plaza, Bldg. 5174, Universal City, CA 91608. If requesting an autograph, include a self-addressed and properly-stamped envelope.
Was MacArthur a patriot or a rebel?
That's the big question isn't it? I recently wrote a 15 page paper on him and I can't answer that for sure. The fact is that he is one of the most highly decorated and respected men in American military history. He never lost a war he took a commanding role in (exception Korean War but his plans were undermined by Truman.)and has the lowest casualty percentage of any general during his time of service. I believe he was a patriot who was undermined by the American political system. Here is my paper. This might be more than you bargained for.IntroductionDouglas MacArthur is widely recognized as an iconic military commander of the twentieth century. General MacArthur is most well known for his role as General of the Army of the United States of America from 1944 until his death in 1964, his appointment to Supreme Allied Commander in 1945, his role in the reformation of Japan following World War Two, his selection as United Nations Commander in the Far East in 1950 during the Korean War, as well as his relief of duty due to acts of insubordination by President Harry S. Truman in 1951 (Bell, 2003; Manchester, 1978). General MacArthur is among the most decorated military figures of American history, he received twenty-two medals throughout his military career, thirteen of them were for heroism including a Medal of Honor (Manchester, 1978). General MacArthur is regarded world-wide as a great leader of men, to understand the intricacies of the man known simply as "the General" (Manchester, 1978) one must first understand the context in which he lived.General MacArthur lived from 1880 to 1964in the mid western United States. He was born into a military family and moved throughout the southwestern United States during his early childhood. MacArthur spent his lifetime moving from place to place as he was deployed into three separate wars in his military career. During MacArthur's youth his father fought for the United States in the Indian Wars (Miller, 1942). As MacArthur grew up he joined the army and was shipped to Europe during World War One where he distinguished himself as an officer (Manchester, 1978). MacArthur was promoted to brigadier General in 1920, and was appointed superintendent of the United States Military Academy from 1919-1922 (Bell, 2003). MacArthur was deployed to the Philippines prior to World War Two and spent a large amount of time in the Far East commanding troops in World War Two and the Korean War before his retirement in 1951 (Bell, 2003; Manchester, 1978). During retirement MacArthur lived in New York until his death in 1964 (Black, 2006). MacArthur lived during a pivotal period of American history and played a key role in the United States' establishment as a world power in the twentieth century. MacArthur received accolades from general's and world leaders of his era and was regarded as "the glorious commander" (Manchester, 1978, p.4) by Winston Churchill. Douglas MacArthur's unconventional leadership style set him apart from all other leaders of the twentieth century.MacArthur is widely acknowledged as the greatest military commander to engage in combat in the Eastern Hemisphere in the twentieth century. He successfully led the United States armed forces to victory in the islands of the Far East, an area where the United States had no previous combat experience, against a fanatical regime that had effectively defeated the Chinese army and steamrolled through the East Indies. MacArthur did this with the ease and confidence of a born conqueror. This is due to the rich lineage of military leaders from which MacArthur was produced. MacArthur's leadership abilities were innately ingrained into his personality due to centuries of soldiering experience in his family. MacArthur's childhood and education also influenced his leadership development and military interests. This study examines the genealogy, upbringing, leadership development, and self exploration of Douglas MacArthur and details the influence these factors had on MacArthur's leadership. MacArthur is a both a leader and an explorer as well as an example that an individual can be a great leader based on ingrained ability without following the protocol of leadership researchers.Personal BackgroundDouglas MacArthur was born to Arthur MacArthur and Mary Pinkney Hardy in Little Rock, Arkansas at Fort Little Rock where his father was posted as an army officer fighting in the Indian Wars (Miller, 1942). Douglas was engrossed with the military during his early childhood (Miller, 1942) He was most interested by the stories the soldiers brought back from their expeditions into Indian country according to Miller, " His early Childhood was lived with fighting men and frontiersmen, Indian scouts, [and] daring cavalryman… he [Douglas] would listen for hours to the men coming back from the front as they narrated their exploits- how they scouted through the giant forests, riding their horses over rocky cliffs and across plains to come back scratched and bruised and thirsty and hungry, escaping an ambush by Indians and outlaws, some of whom they left hanging to the limbs of trees." (Miller, 1942, p.32). Douglas was born into the military and the military was the only thing he ever aspired to be a part of. MacArthur's upbringing on the frontier as well as his family history and genetic makeup significantly influenced the development of his leadership abilities.Douglas MacArthur's genetic disposition to leadership is well documented in Francis Trevelyan Miller's biography General Douglas MacArthur: Fighter for Freedom. Miller states the MacArthur's trace their heritage back to the Scottish clan of MacArthur (1948). An old Scottish proverb states, "There is nothing older, unless the hills-MacArthur and the Devil." (Miller, 1942 , p.17). The MacArthur clan is officially documented for the first time in the fourth century as soldiers under Robert the Bruce who fought for the freedom of the Scots and laid the foundation for the independence of Scotland (Miller, 1942, p.17) To recognize their valor they received large grants of land from Robert the Bruce following the struggle (Miller, 1942). A head clansman of MacArthur was executed by James I due to fear of a Scottish uprising (Miller, 1942) There is no doubt that the MacArthur clan made a name for themselves in their native land of Scotland and their legacy continued as MacArthur descendents migrated to the United States.Douglas's grandfather Arthur MacArthur immigrated to the United States with his widowed mother in the early nineteenth century and quickly made a name for the American MacArthurs (Miller, 1942) At the age of twenty five Arthur passed his BAR exam and became a lawyer in New York (Miller, 1942). He would later become Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia under President Grant (Miller, 1942). Arthur begat a son and named him Arthur as to comply with the family tradition of having an Arthur in every generation of MacArthurs (Miller, 1942). He, the first Arthur MacArthur to be born in the United States became the First Lieutenant of the 24th Wisconsin Infantry at just seventeen years of age (Miller, 1942). Arthur MacArthur would later attain the rank of Lieutenant General and was the eleventh officer to attain that rank in the history of the army (Miller, 1942, p.29). It is apparent that Douglas MacArthur was born to one of the greatest families in documented history. His ascension to greatness can be attributed to this heritage as well his early childhood and the influence of his mother.The MacArthur family consisted of father Arthur, mother Mary who was commonly referred to as "Pinky" and children Arthur Jr. and Douglas. Douglas maintained good relations with all of his family members throughout his lifetime. There is no evidence that his parents divorced or had poor relations with one another. There is also no evidence that Douglas had any qualms with either of his parents or that he had a competitive relationship with his brother. MacArthur's always sought to honor his father during his military career, Manchester states in regard to MacArthur, "…all his life he would seek to be a man-at-arms whom his father would have exulted." (Manchester, 1978 , p.44). MacArthur had a similar respect for his mother; Pinky would be a driving force throughout MacArthur's life. After MacArthur failed to be accepted to West Point due to a curvature of the spine Pinky moved 330 miles so that Douglas could undergo physical therapy to cure his defect (Manchester, 1978). After Douglas was excepted into West Point in 1899 his mother Pinky moved into the area so that she could observe Douglas to make sure he spent an adequate amount of time dedicated to his studies ( Manchester, 1978). Douglas's relationship with his brother is not extensively documented. Arthur Jr. became a naval officer and earned a Navy Cross, a distinguished service medal, a captains commission and the command of a battleship before his death in 1923 (Manchester, 1978). There is no record that Douglas was intimidated by his brother's accomplishments or that he felt obligated to outperform his sibling, only that he desired to honor his father. This normalcy is in complete opposition to the theories of leadership research.MacArthur's familiar relationships were healthy and unremarkable during his youth and even throughout his military career. This directly contradicts the theory proposed by Howard Gardner in Leading Minds. Gardner proposes that leaders are typically formed through at least one of the following scenarios in early childhood: 1) loss of a parent during childhood. 2) the future leader lives with parents who either divorce or have poor relations with one another. 3) the future leader is drawn to one parent and lives in constant opposition with the other. 4) the future leader lives in perpetual competition with their siblings. (1995). MacArthur's father died when he was thirty two and his mother lived well into Douglas's fifties eliminating the first scenario (Manchester, 1978; Black, 2006). MacArthur's parents never divorced and never had any reported conflicts with one another, nor did Douglas have conflict with either of them as displayed earlier. His relationship with his brother was also reportedly unconfrontational (Manchester, 1978; Miller, 1942). Therefore MacArthur does not fit into any of Gardner's proposed theories on the development of leaders in childhood. Despite this apparent lack of leadership potential in the eyes of scholars Douglas emerged as a leader in his military career and successfully led armies without ethical consideration whatsoever.While MacArthur's military prowess is undeniable his moral conviction is a bit more questionable. The first few lines of the preamble to his biography American Caesar written by William Manchester read, "He was a great thundering paradox of a man, noble and ignoble, inspiring and outrageous, arrogant and shy, the best of men and the worst of men, the most protean, most ridiculous, and most sublime.... Flamboyant, imperious, and apocalyptic, he carried the plumage of a flamingo, could not acknowledge errors and tried to cover up mistakes with sly childish tricks. Yet he was endowed with great personal charm, a will of iron, and a soaring intellect" (1978, p.3). MacArthur is introduced by Manchester as a moral paradox. MacArthur was a man who reacted with conflicting principles in similar situations. Manchester goes on to site his order to hang two Nipponese generals whose only offense was engaging him in combat (Manchester, 1978). This is in complete opposition to MacArthur's exoneration of Emperor Hirohito from any responsibility whatsoever following the fall of Japan at the end of World War Two (Dower, 1999). Despite the consensus among the Japanese royal family that Hirohito should abdicate, including a popular essay by acclaimed Japanese poet Miyoshi Tatsuji titled "The Emperor Should Abdicate Quickly" MacArthur placed blame for the war crimes committed by Japan during World War Two on Imperial General Hideki Tojo who planned the Pearl Harbor attack. (Dower, 1999, p. 322; Bix, 2000, p. 585). This contradiction provides evidence that MacArthur simply did not operate with a set of ethical beliefs. MacArthur's moral confusion impacted the way he lead his soldiers and superiors as well as the manner in which he treated his enemies.MacArthur's treatment of his subordinates and superiors sheds further light onto his inner moral conflict which is based in hubris. MacArthur expected absolute obedience of his subordinates as Clare Booth Luce declared, "MacArthur's temperament was flawed by an egotism which demanded obedience not only to his orders, but to his ideas and person as well." (Manchester, 1978, p.6). MacArthur was so convinced of his own expertise that he cleansed his staff of any individuals who may have been inclined to disagree with him accepting only aides who would follow his order without question no matter what the order was. (Manchester, p.6). This absolute demand for obedience and agreement from those he led is in direct contradiction to MacArthur's behavior toward his superiors. MacArthur was not prone to following an order he did not agree with. The most infamous example came during MacArthur's service as United Nations Commander in the Far East during the Korean War. After the Chinese invaded across the Yalu River in 1950 General MacArthur desired to engage in all out war with China. (Halberstam, 2007). President Truman and the Joint Chiefs of Staff feared that war with China would draw Soviet Intervention and perhaps nuclear holocaust (Halberstam, 2007). In 1951 MacArthur issued an ultimatum with China which undermined Truman's ceasefire negotiations. (Halberstam, 1951). Following this direct act of insubordination MacArthur was relieved of command in Korea (Halberstam, 1951). MacArthur's egotism was the distinguishing trait of his leadership. General MacArthur's ethical decision making is inconsistent because he operated on his own perception of right and wrong based on his own expertise rather than a higher moral order.MacArthur's most notable trait as a leader is his pride; MacArthur's apparent lack of ethical behavior is a result of his arrogance. His insubordination of Truman is a demonstration of his immense pride in his abilities. This trait is an innate facets of his personality and caused both his ascension to greatness and his fall from grace. Without such confidence in himself Douglas MacArthur would not have been the great leader that he is remembered as today.Exploration and DiscoveryMacArthur's internal motive for his life-long endeavor in the military was his innate desire for fame. Without such drive he would not have been motivated to accomplish the vast achievements he received during his career. MacArthur was constantly searching for a new way to make headlines. His many controversial decisions, ranging from sparing Emperor Hirohito to writing letters to members of congress to his "Return to the Philippines", and his final speech before congress in 1951 can all be seen as ploys for public attention (Manchester, 1978). General Matthew Ridgeway, who replaced MacArthur in Korea summed up MacArthur's desire for public glorification superbly, "…the hunger for praise that led him on some occasions to claim or accept credit for deeds he had not performed, or to disclaim responsibility for mistakes that were clearly his own; the love of the limelight that continually prompted him to pose before the public as the actual commander on the spot...his tendency to cultivate the isolation that genius seems to require, until it became a sort of insulation...that deprived him of the critical comment and objective appraisals a commander needs...; the headstrong quality...that sometimes led him to persist in a cause in defiance of all logic; [and] a faith in his own judgment that created an aura of infallibility and that finally led him close to insubordination." (Mitchell, 2002, p.90). It is important to note that General Ridgeway was MacArthur's direct subordinate prior to his removal and had the most personal interaction with the commander in a work environment prior to his removal (Mitchell, 2002). Thus Ridgeway provides the best character witness of the culmination of MacArthur's leadership goals the end of his career. Ridgeway's testimony reveals MacArthur's ingrained desire for attention and praise at the cost of ethics or even "logic". This desire for glory was supported by the external effects of his legacy and childhood development as well as his innate desire for praise.As documented previously, Douglas MacArthur was born into a family which had a legacy of military commanders and successful leaders (Miller, 1942). MacArthur was determined to succeed as a military man from a young age (Manchester, 1978). His parents encouraged him to succeed and spent many years cultivating his natural abilities as a leader by enrolling him in the West Texas Military Academy as a youth (Miller, 1942). His mother also put a significant amount of time and effort into his education and physical training prior to his acceptance into West Point (Manchester, 1978). His father and brother were both decorated military officers and Douglas felt the desire to follow the family tradition of military service early in his life (Manchester, 1978). These external influences to join the military combined with his natural confidence and desire for recognition combined to motivate his exploration into the field of military leadership in search of glory. Throughout the course of his quest MacArthur discovered that incorporation of ethics is not vital to military leadership.MacArthur discovered that moral discrepancy is not necessary in military command. Despite MacArthur's lack of consistent decision making or moral or logical justification for many of his actions he was an outstanding commander. MacArthur's men had considerably lower casualty rates than other commanders of the same time period (Manchester, 1978). MacArthur also led a variety of international forces to victory; during MacArthur's career he led the Pilipino army, members of the Australian armed forces, the entirety of the U.S. armed forces in the Far East against Japan, as well as the U.N. coalition in Korea which consisted of the combined forces of many nations (Manchester, 1978). MacArthur never lost a war in which he was commander; the lack of success in Korea following the Chinese invasion has been attributed to Truman's interference with MacArthur's campaign (Manchester, 1978). MacArthur explored the established western ethical system based on biblical principles. While MacArthur claimed to have a strong protestant faith he never attended church services consistently and his actions never support a strong case for religious conviction (Manchester, 1978). By pushing the extent of his own authority to make ethical judgments MacArthur discovered that as long as he was consistently successful on the battlefield, adherence to a moral standard was not necessary.MacArthur's quest for glory at the expense of strong moral conviction is considered unethical by any standpoint. According to John Martin Rich and Joseph L. DeVitis's Theories of Moral Development, MacArthur's behavior does not fit into the postconventional model of moral development laid out in Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1980, p. 88-89). MacArthur's defiance of the president's authority reveals his lack of adherence to "the procedural rules" which govern his role in society. Neither does MacArthur demonstrate support of universal principles through his actions. His behavior can only be attributed to his innate confidence in his ability as a leader. MacArthur's discovery of the lack of morality necessary for military leadership led him to discover the extent of his own expertise as a military commander.Self-Discovery and Leadership IdentityMacArthur's leadership, based on his personal judgment of each situation he encountered led him to realize the extent of his ability as a leader as an individual. During MacArthur's leadership he developed a reputation of aloofness and isolation (Manchester, 1978). This coupled with his intolerance for those who opposed his ideas lead him to operate based on his own expertise without consideration of the opinions any other individual. This led to a consolidation of power and streamlined the line of command enabling quick, decisive action during combat. While it is impossible to determine exactly what MacArthur learned from each of his experiences his actions throughout his career support certain arguments. MacArthur quickly learned through experience in World War One and early in World War Two that his judgment in matters of military leadership was sound. This led him to develop confidence as a commander which he later used as the leader of the Allied armed forces in the Pacific, as well as the Commander of U.N. forces in Korea. MacArthur's confidence led him to follow through with his island hopping campaign in the pacific with conviction. Throughout the campaign MacArthur captured every island he assaulted and pushed Japanese troops back to mainland Japan (Manchester,1978). Following the surrender of Japan MacArthur knew that he had the ability to lead troops to victory almost single handedly. Once Japan surrendered MacArthur assumed the task of restructuring the Japanese government which served to increase his knowledge of eastern culture.MacArthur assumed control of Japan following their surrender in 1945 (Manchester, 1978). MacArthur and his advisors drafted a new constitution in 1946 which established Japan as a democratic, independent state (Manchester, 1978). MacArthur also authorized the destruction of large Japanese companies and initiated the formation of Japanese labor unions (Manchester, 1978). MacArthur's reconstruction of Japan was exceptionally successful and he can be credited with setting Japan on course to become the great economic force it is today (Dower, 2000). MacArthur's success in his reformation of the state of Japan led him to discover the depth of knowledge he had acquired about the Far East as a result of his many years as a military commander there. MacArthur's experience as interim ruler of Japan also provided an opportunity for him to explore his abilities as a statesman. The combination of MacArthur's self discovery of his militaristic prowess combined with his self-realization of his knowledge of eastern culture ultimately led to his insubordination of Truman in 1951.MacArthur is undeniably a direct leader. He identified himself as a leader and constantly reinforced the fact that he was the man in charge of operations (Mitchell, 2002). He was regarded as a leader by other leaders during his lifetime, Charles de Gaulle, Winston Churchill, Bernard Montgomery, Lord Alanbrooke, and George Marshall all complemented his leadership abilities (Manchester, 1978, p.4). His many honors and medals of service are testament to his leadership abilities as well. Douglas MacArthur's promotion to five star general also serves a monument to his leadership.ConclusionGeneral Douglas MacArthur is both a leader and an explorer. MacArthur's leadership qualities are apparent and well documented. His distinguished career as a military officer warranted many promotions and medals of recognition. He led troops of many nations to victory on various battlefields. He led on an international stage and was recognized as a leader by the international community as previously documented. His traits as an explorer are less apparent but present nonetheless.As an explorer MacArthur explored his individual abilities as a leader to the maximum potential. MacArthur explored his abilities by isolating himself from other military officers who might have influenced or disagreed with his opinions. The isolated nature of his post as well as his knowledge of the Far East allowed him to garner authority that was not given to other commanders of that time period. As interim ruler of Japan MacArthur explored not only his ability as a military leader but his knowledge of Asian culture as he formed a democratic Asian state in Japan. While self discovery is generally considered an element of the leadership development process, MacArthur's self discovery led to his insubordination and the end of his military career.Douglas MacArthur defied the principles of leadership development throughout his lifetime. His childhood was uneventful; lacking the struggle which Gardner suggests is common among young leaders. MacArthur also lacked any particular ethical persuasion save his own judgment which contradicts Kohlberg's theory of ethical progression. MacArthur's final contradiction of typical leadership study is the result of his self-discovery. Leadership researchers Shankman and Allen attest that self-discovery is a necessary and positive process in leadership development. In MacArthur's career however, self discovery led to confidence in his own abilities and knowledge of Asia which led to his conflict with Truman about the course of action the U.N. armed forces should take with China. This conflict ultimately led to the end of his career. Despite MacArthur's apparent failure to develop as a leader according to leadership researchers he is undoubtedly one of the greatest leaders of the twentieth century, this is due to his innate ability to lead based on his own judgment.MacArthur's innate proficiency in the realm of leadership allowed him to be successful throughout his career. He defied the expectations of leadership experts throughout his career, but progressed up the military chain of command quickly and consistently by outperforming his colleagues. This progression is a direct result of his innate ability to comprehend situations and determine the correct course of action which should be taken. This ability confounded his fellow commanders, Matthew Ridgeway defined it as, "…the headstrong quality...that sometimes led him to persist in a cause in defiance of all logic…" (Mitchell, 2002). Despite the seemingly illogical nature of MacArthur's leadership he succeeded time and time again on battlefields in the Pacific, outwitting both his enemies and his peers with his instinctual ability. While a leadership gene has not yet been identified MacArthur's deep heritage of leaders and military figures should not be discounted as a contributor to his ingrained, incomprehensible ability to lead men to victory on the battlefield. Perhaps Robert E. Wood, a first classmen at West Point during MacArthur's plebe year said it best "…MacArthur was born to be a leader" (Manchester, 1978, p.50)ReferencesBell, William. G. (1983). Douglas macArthur.Bix, Herbert. P. (2000). Hirohito and the making of modern japan. New York, NY:HarperCollins PublishersBlack, David. (2006).A brief biography of Douglas MacArthur. Retrieved from http://www.history.army.mil/faq/mac_bio.HTMLDower, John. W. (1999). Embracing defeat: Japan in the wake of world war two. New York,NY: NortonGardner, Howard. (1995). Leading minds. New York, NY: Basic BooksHalberstam, David . (2007). The coldest winter: America and the Korean war. New York, NY:HyperionManchester, William. (1978). American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964. Boston, MA:Little, Brown and CompanyMiller, Francis. T. (1942) General Douglas MacArthur: Fighter for freedom. Chicago, IL: TheJohn C. Winston CompanyMitchell, George. C. (2002). Matthew b. ridgway: Soldier, statesman, scholar, citizen.Pittsburg, PA: Cathedral PublishingRich, John. M., & DeVitis, Joseph L. (1994). Theories of moral development. Springfield, IL:Charles C. ThomasShankman, Marcy. L., & Allen, Scott. J. (2008). Emotionally intelligent leadership: A guidefor college students San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
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A motivational letter to apply for a bursary to further my studies in English?
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