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'Red shift' of emitted or reflected light and other EM waves.

If an object is moving away then each wave-length is slightly longer, because the speed of propagation is independent of speed of emitter (or observer). so velocity v = distance divided by time .

If it is moving towards us, then the length between each subsequent wave peak (wavelength) will of course be shorter. This produces BLUE-shift.

We observe this as it's derivative 'frequency' assuming a fixed speed of light c (or c/n, n being the refractive index if the medium, which for the interstellar medium diffuse plasma is 1).

We presently forget that these plasma clouds and shocks found everywhere in sp[ace can move, and thus can red and blue shift light themselves, but are presently finding this consistently in astronomy and astrophysics. (Look up; The ACT, Sauron, Atlas 3D etc). By around 2020 this may percolate through to theoretical physics.

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11y ago
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13y ago

Probably a dopplerometer

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Q: What indicates that galaxies are moving away from earth?
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In which direction are nearly all galaxies moving relative to earth?

they are moving in all directions away, toward, sideways relative to EarthNearly all galaxies are moving away from the Earth. This is because the universe is expanding.


In which direction are nearby all galaxies moving relative to earth?

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Does a red shift means that are moving closer to earth?

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A Doppler red shift indicates?

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How are galaxies moving today?

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What observation did Edwin hubble make about the movement of galaxies?

In the late 1920s, the astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that most of the galaxies he observed were moving away from Earth.


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Which has a higher frequency a star moving away from earth or towards earth?

I would think that current evidence suggests that the stars moving away from earth, some of them in far distant galaxies moving at unimaginably high speeds, are going much faster than stars moving toward us. The entire Andromeda galaxy is moving toward us and will collide with us in roughly 5 billion years, and it is not moving anywhere near as fast as the distant retreating galaxies.


How would other galaxies appear to move relative to Earth if the universe were shrinking?

If the Universe was shrinking the galaxies would appear to be moving towards the Earth, and look more blue than they should. This is the opposite to the universe expanding where galaxies would appear to be moving away from the Earth, which we know due to "red shift". Andromeda would be the exception since it's directly moving towards the Milky Way.