Partition means the same thing, regardless of operating system. It is a division or demarcation of resources.
the sign for root partition in linux is : /
82 => Linux swap / Solaris 83 => Linux ext2 & ext3 85 => Linux Extended partition
83
Linux will not delete a partition unless you tell it to. If you have accidentally deleted a partition, but have not written to the disk, you may be able to restore most or all of the data that was on it. The program "testdisk", found on many Linux LiveCDs and partition editors, can restore the deleted partition flags.
82
Click the install as partition when installing Ubuntu.
Yes. To achieve this, you need to shrink the window partition so there is space for the Linux partition on the disk.
A swap partiton because it is a dedicated partition and not a file
you can partition the drive.. to use both OS
Yes. All that you need to do is shrink the Windows partition so your Linux partition can fit. Then just install the Linux OS into there, and you'll be able to choose which one to boot into on startup
A "root partition" is a partition that contains the subdirectories that make up a Linux or Unix file system, such as /bin, /usr, and /dev.
Yes. All you have to do is give Linux its own partition.