Some people refers to Linux-based systems as "GNU/Linux" if they use software written fr the GNU operating system.
Distributions
The Linux administrator is called the "root" user.
There is no official term for such an application, nor is there an official definition for "Windows-style", for that matter.
fork
As 'Linux' is actually the Linux Kernel and a bunch of other tools packaged together as a distro, this will depend on the distro you use. For example, Red Hat Linux uses a file called ks.cfg (known as kickstart) which contains information for it's installer system called Anaconda.
To do or not do. There is no try. Windows always tries and sometimes does. It is better to just do.
This is usually referred to as the "shell."
Net Mask
Yes, you can. It's called dualbooting. I guess with Linux you mean a Linux Distribution like Ubuntu? Check the related link if you want to know how.
Sometimes hardware cannot run without problems on Linux-based operating systems. To solve this, NDISwrapper emulates a Windows environment within Linux, which allows Linux to communicate with the hardware without binary emulation.
"Types" of Linux are Called Linux Distributions. Linux by itself is only a kernel, you need more than that for a full system, to get this, distro's were develpoed to include all of this to make a Linux system easier to install. Popular Distro's Are Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, RHEL, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, OpenSUSE, etc, you can find more at distrowatch
You have to use so called SMB server (usually it's included in each Linux installation) which allows to communicate Linux with windows.