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A caesaropapism is a doctrine that the state has authority over the church in ecclesiastical matters.
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Why was caesaropapism important in the administrion of the byzantine empire?
Byzantine emperors had authority over the (orthodox) Church. The emperor presided over Ecumenical Councils and appointed Patriarchs and sometimes issued ecclesiastic edicts without consulting the church. This happened between the 4th and 10th centuries.
What was the mixture of secular and religious authority that marked Constantine's reign as well as that of the Byzantine emperors is?
Constantine I (or the Great) supported Christianity. He promoted Christians in the imperial bureaucracy, introduced some laws which favoured the Christians, built some important Christian churches and tried to arbitrate between disputes between rival Christian doctrines by summoning synods ecumenical councils. However, he did not hold any religious authority. Moreover, besides supporting the Christians, he also promoted the worship of Sol Invictus (the Unconquered Sun) a pagan god. Some two hundred year later the Byzantine emperors, beginning with Justinian I (or the Great), became the supreme authority of the Eastern Christian Church (later it became known the Orthodox Church), which was the official church of this empire, as well as the supreme political authority of the empire. The late 19th century/early 20th century German sociologist Max Weber used the term Caesaropapism. He defined "a secular, caesaropapist ruler ... [as someone who] exercises supreme authority in ecclesiastic matters by virtue of his autonomous legitimacy". In Weber's political sociology, caesaropapism entails "the complete subordination of priests to secular power." The term relates to any such situation, not just that of the Byzantine Empire.
How did the church influence the holy roman emperors?
The only connection between the two was the name "Roman Empire" . The Roman empire was (mostly) pre-Christian and Mediterranean in culture, although absorbing other cultures in their expansion, while the "Holy" Roman empire was Germanic and Christian in culture.
What was the government of the byzantine empire like?
The Ottoman Empire of Turkey had Caliphate as the type of government. The Caliph managed the government with the help of ministers. He was the head of the government as well as the chief commander of the armed forces. In a way, the Ottoman Caliphs had all the powers vested in them.
Who was Justinian in the Roman Empire and what was his major goal?
Justinian I 483–565, Byzantine emperor (527–65), nephew and successor of Justin I Justin I, c.450–527, Byzantine emperor (518–27); successor of Anastasius I. He was chief of the imperial guard and became emperor when Anastasius died. He was responsible for much imperial policy during his uncle's reign. Soon after becoming emperor, Justinian instituted major administrative changes and tried to increase state revenues at the expense of his subjects. Justinian's fiscal policies, the discontent of the Monophysites at his orthodoxy, and the loyalty of the populace to the family of Anastasius I produced the Nika riot (532), which would have cost Justinian his throne but for the firmness of his wife, Empress Theodora Theodora and the aid of his great generals, Belisarius Belisarius and Narses Narses c.478–c. Justinian, through Belisarius and Narses, recovered Africa from the Vandals (533–48) and Italy from the Ostrogoths (535–54). He was less successful in fighting the Persians and was unable to prevent the raids of the Slavs and the Bulgars. Justinian's policy of caesaropapism (i.e., the supremacy of the emperor over the church) included not only matters of organization, but also matters of dogma. In 553, seeking to reconcile the Monophysites to the church, he called a council but accomplished nothing and finally tended to drift into heresy himself. Justinian's greatest accomplishment was the codification of Roman law, commonly called the Corpus Juris Civilis Corpus Juris Civilis executed under his direction by Tribonian Tribonian (Tribonianus) It gave unity to the centralized state and greatly influenced all subsequent legal history. Justinian erected many public works, of which the church of Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia is the most notable. He was succeeded by his nephew, Justin II. The writings of Procopius Procopius are the main source of information on Justinian's reign.
Why was caesaropapism important in the administrion of the byzantine empire?
Byzantine emperors had authority over the (orthodox) Church. The emperor presided over Ecumenical Councils and appointed Patriarchs and sometimes issued ecclesiastic edicts without consulting the church. This happened between the 4th and 10th centuries.
What was the mixture of secular and religious authority that marked Constantine's reign as well as that of the Byzantine emperors is?
Constantine I (or the Great) supported Christianity. He promoted Christians in the imperial bureaucracy, introduced some laws which favoured the Christians, built some important Christian churches and tried to arbitrate between disputes between rival Christian doctrines by summoning synods ecumenical councils. However, he did not hold any religious authority. Moreover, besides supporting the Christians, he also promoted the worship of Sol Invictus (the Unconquered Sun) a pagan god. Some two hundred year later the Byzantine emperors, beginning with Justinian I (or the Great), became the supreme authority of the Eastern Christian Church (later it became known the Orthodox Church), which was the official church of this empire, as well as the supreme political authority of the empire. The late 19th century/early 20th century German sociologist Max Weber used the term Caesaropapism. He defined "a secular, caesaropapist ruler ... [as someone who] exercises supreme authority in ecclesiastic matters by virtue of his autonomous legitimacy". In Weber's political sociology, caesaropapism entails "the complete subordination of priests to secular power." The term relates to any such situation, not just that of the Byzantine Empire.
How did the church influence the holy roman emperors?
The only connection between the two was the name "Roman Empire" . The Roman empire was (mostly) pre-Christian and Mediterranean in culture, although absorbing other cultures in their expansion, while the "Holy" Roman empire was Germanic and Christian in culture.
What was the government of the byzantine empire like?
The Ottoman Empire of Turkey had Caliphate as the type of government. The Caliph managed the government with the help of ministers. He was the head of the government as well as the chief commander of the armed forces. In a way, the Ottoman Caliphs had all the powers vested in them.
What cause Great Schism?
The Great Schism (meaning split) took place in the year 1054 AD. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over the Pope's claims of authority or supremacy over the whole church (which were rejected by the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs) and over the insertion of the 'Filioque' clause (meaning 'and the Son') into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch (pope) in 1014 AD. The Eastern Orthodox Church stated that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, so there would not be one ruler over the whole church, but self-governing Patriarchs in Old Rome and New Rome (Constantinople).There were other less significant reasons for the Schism, such as differences over liturgical practices, for example, the use of unleavened bread in the West.Catholic AnswerThere is some confusion over the term "Great Schism". In many volumes of Roman Catholic history, the Great Schism refers to the schism of the west when the papacy moved to Avignon, and there were two claimants, at one point, three to the papal throne. Others use the Great Schism to refer to the Schism of the East, when the Orthodox Church broke away from the Catholic Church. from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957The Great Schism, otherwise know as the Schism of the West was not strictly a schism at all but a conflict between the two parties within the Church each claiming to support the true pope. Three months after the election of Urban VI, in 1378, the fifteen electing cardinals declared that they had appointed him only as a temporary vicar and that in any case the election was invalid as made under fear of violence from the Roman mob. Urban retorted by naming twenty-eight new cardinals, and the others at once proceeded to elect Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII, who went to reside at Avignon. The quarrel was in its origin not a theological or religious one, but was caused by the ambition and jealousy of French influence, which was supported to some extent for political reasons by Spain, Naples, Provence, and Scotland; England, Germany, Scandinavia, Wales, Ireland, Portugal, Flanders and Hungary stood by what they believe to be the true pope at Rome. The Church was torn from top to bottom by the schism, both sides in good faith (it was impossible to know to whom allegiance was due), which lasted with its two lines of popes (and at one time three) till the election of Martin V in 1417. It is now regarded as practically certain that the Urbanist popes were the true ones and their names are included in semi-official lists; moreover, the ordinal numbers of the Clementine claimants (who, however, are not called anti-popes,) were adopted by subsequent popes of the same name. Answer for those who think the Great Schism refers to the Schism of the East:1. Disagreement on the Filoque Creed- added to the Nicene Creed in the West, but not approved by the Eastern churches, disagreement over authority of pope- Pope Leo IX claimed authority over 4 eastern Patriarchs, Western Church opposed Caesaropapism- control of the church by secular leader, Eastern Church accepted this as the Emperor controlled the Orthodox Church, Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other over disagreements, West used unleavened bread in the Eucharist, the Eastern Church opposed this, disagreement on the ecclesiastical calendar- (the date of Easter)- Eastern and Western churches celebrate it different days. The Great Schism, also known as the East-West Schism was caused of the Schism were disputes over the Pope's claims of authority or supremacy over the whole church and over the insertion of the 'Filioque' clause.
Why did rome and constantinople split?
You're a little confused, which is understandable, but there is no "Roman Catholic", that is a misnomer from the time of the protestant revolt, which has become so popular in English that even some Catholics use it, but it is intended as a slur. The Catholic Church was established by Jesus Christ from the cross, and shown to the world at Pentecost. Despite many difficulties over the centuries, the Church was always one, up until the 11th century, when the Orthodox churches no longer paid allegiance to the Pope in Rome. After this time, all of the Orthodox national churches split, and part remained with Rome, and part separated due to national interests, thus there is not the Greek Orthodox Church and the Greek Uniate Church, the later looks exactly the same but is in union with Rome. For a thorough discussion of the issues involved and why they separated, please see Vladimir Soloviev's book The Russian Church and the Papacy. Soloviev discusses all the Orthodox churches and the reasons for the split in his book, as he was raised in the Russian Orthodox Church he has an insider's view on what went on. See the link below.
What was Justinian's codification of laws?
The Corpus Juris Civilis(Body of Civil Law), which was also dubbed the Justinian Code was a compendium of Roman civil law which was commissioned by the emperor Justinian I (or the Great, reigned 527-565). A first edition was published in 529 and a second one in 534. Its rediscovery in the 10th century led to the spread of the influence of Roman civil law through EuropeThis work was forgotten after the fall of the Roman Empire until it was discovered in a library in Pisa in 1070. It had a big impact because many people were impressed with the key principles of Roman civil law: citizenship and citizenship rights, equality under the law, the right to a trial and the right to appeal, innocent until proven guilty, that the burden of proof rest on the accuser and not on the accused, and that an unfair law can be repealed. It also included important essays on law and student textbooks which facilitated the study of law. Eventually, though this work, Roman civil law became the foundation of the civil laws of many modern countries.The Corpus Juris Civilis came in four parts:1) The Codex (book) or Codex Justinianus, which was a review of imperial laws going back 400 years (to the time of Hadrian). It scrapped obsolete or unnecessary laws, made changes when necessary and clarified obscure passages. Its aim was to put the laws in a single book (previously they were written on many different scrolls), harmonise conflicting view among jurists which arose from centuries of poorly organised development of Roman law and have a coherent body of law. It consists of 12 books, 1 book covers ecclesiastical law, the duties of high officers and sources of law, 7 cover private law, 1 criminal law and 3 administrative laws.2) The Digesta which was a collection of fragments taken from essays on laws written by jurists (mostly from the 2nd and 3rd centuries) and which expressed the private opinions of legal experts. Most were from Ulpian (40%) and Paulus (17%). It was a large amount of writing which was condensed in 50 books. It was used as an advanced law student textbook.3) The Institutiones was a textbook for first year law students written by two professors. It was a series of extracts from statements on the basic institutions of Roman law from the teaching books by 'writers of authority.' In was largely based on the texts of Gaius, a jurist of the 2nd century AD.4) The Novellae Constitutiones, which contained laws recently issued by Justinian.
Who was Justinian in the Roman Empire and what was his major goal?
Justinian I 483–565, Byzantine emperor (527–65), nephew and successor of Justin I Justin I, c.450–527, Byzantine emperor (518–27); successor of Anastasius I. He was chief of the imperial guard and became emperor when Anastasius died. He was responsible for much imperial policy during his uncle's reign. Soon after becoming emperor, Justinian instituted major administrative changes and tried to increase state revenues at the expense of his subjects. Justinian's fiscal policies, the discontent of the Monophysites at his orthodoxy, and the loyalty of the populace to the family of Anastasius I produced the Nika riot (532), which would have cost Justinian his throne but for the firmness of his wife, Empress Theodora Theodora and the aid of his great generals, Belisarius Belisarius and Narses Narses c.478–c. Justinian, through Belisarius and Narses, recovered Africa from the Vandals (533–48) and Italy from the Ostrogoths (535–54). He was less successful in fighting the Persians and was unable to prevent the raids of the Slavs and the Bulgars. Justinian's policy of caesaropapism (i.e., the supremacy of the emperor over the church) included not only matters of organization, but also matters of dogma. In 553, seeking to reconcile the Monophysites to the church, he called a council but accomplished nothing and finally tended to drift into heresy himself. Justinian's greatest accomplishment was the codification of Roman law, commonly called the Corpus Juris Civilis Corpus Juris Civilis executed under his direction by Tribonian Tribonian (Tribonianus) It gave unity to the centralized state and greatly influenced all subsequent legal history. Justinian erected many public works, of which the church of Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia is the most notable. He was succeeded by his nephew, Justin II. The writings of Procopius Procopius are the main source of information on Justinian's reign.
What caused the great the great schism?
Catholic AnswerThe Great Schism, otherwise known as the Western Schism is not to be confused with the Schism of the East. The Schism of the East was when the Eastern Church broke into two factions, half staying with Rome, and half formed what is now called the Orthodox Church. Many contemporary, particularly protestant scholars seem to confuse the two. What is called the Great Schism in the Catholic Church was the Western Schism, which, even more confusing, was not really a schism in the sense that the Schism of the East was, but a time when the Church had more than one claimant to the Papal Throne, finally resulted in three, one pope and two antipopes. The cause was: It began with the writings of Marsilius of Padua c. 1275- 1342), who claimed that a pope is subject to a council of bishops, priests, and laymen. Urban VI was elected Pope on April 8, 1378, following the seventy-year Avignon residence of the papacy. He was a stern reformer and also harsh. The French cardinals in retaliation declared that Urban had not been validly elected and proceeded to elect Robert of Geneva as the antipope Clement VII (1378-94). Clement withdrew to Avignon and the Great Schism was in full swing. See Fr. Hardon's full article below:from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957The Great Schism, otherwise know as the Schism of the West was not strictly a schism at all but a conflict between the two parties within the Church each claiming to support the true pope. Three months after the election of Urban VI, in 1378, the fifteen electing cardinals declared that they had appointed him only as a temporary vicar and that in any case the election was invalid as made under fear of violence from the Roman mob. Urban retorted by naming twenty-eight new cardinals, and the others at once proceeded to elect Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII, who went to reside at Avignon. The quarrel was in its origin not a theological or religious one, but was caused by the ambition and jealousy of French influence, which was supported to some extent for political reasons by Spain, Naples, Provence, and Scotland; England, Germany, Scandinavia, Wales, Ireland, Portugal, Flanders and Hungary stood by what they believe to be the true pope at Rome. The Church was torn from top to bottom by the schism, both sides in good faith (it was impossible to know to whom allegiance was due), which lasted with its two lines of popes (and at one time three) till the election of Martin V in 1417. It is now regarded as practically certain that the Urbanist popes were the true ones and their names are included in semi-official lists; moreover, the ordinal numbers of the Clementine claimants (who, however, are not called anti-popes,) were adopted by subsequent popes of the same name.from Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980The Great Schism, otherwise known as the Western Schism, 1378-1417, when there was controversy over the true succession to the papacy. It began with the writings of Marsilius of Padua c. 1275- 1342), who claimed that a pope is subject to a council of bishops, priests, and laymen. Urban VI was elected Pope on April 8, 1378, following the seventy-year Avignon residence of the papacy. He was a stern reformer and also harsh. The French cardinals in retaliation declared that Urban had not been validly elected and proceeded to elect Robert of Geneva as the antipope Clement VII (1378-94). Clement withdrew to Avignon and the Great Schism was in full swing. France, Scotland, and Spain gave their allegiance to Clement; England, Italy, Flanders, Hungary, Poland, and most of Germany followed Urban, who died in 1389. There followed a succession of lawful popes at Rome and antipopes at Avignon. The universities of Paris, Oxford, and Prague disputed how the impasse should be resolved. Finally pope and antipope were invited to a council at Pisa (1409); both decline and were declared deposed by the council, which proceeded to elect yet another antipope, Alexander V (1409-10). In desperation, Emperor Sigismund of Germany appealed to the antipope John XXIII of Pisa, to call a general council at Constance, a German city on the Rhine. John agreed, and the council, later legitimized, was convened in 1414. It lasted four years and finally resolved the schism. The Pisan antipope John XXIII abdicated. Gregory XII, the true Roman Pontiff, having formally convoked the Council of Constance, sent his representatives, and then, for the good of the Church, freely resigned his office. The claim of Benedict XIII of Avignon was no longer worthy of serious consideration. The chair of Peter, vacant at last was filled by the election, November 11, 1417, of Pope Martin V. The Great Schism was ended.
