it is doubble the brightness
The brightness as seen from Earth is called the "apparent magnitude".The real brightness (defined as the apparent brightness, as seen from a standard distance) is called the "absolute magnitude".
When Mars is in retrograde motion, it does not affect its brightness. Mars will continue to appear at its usual brightness in the night sky regardless of its retrograde motion. Retrograde motion refers to how the planet appears to move in the sky, not its actual brightness.
Yes. It can also be seen from Earth without one.
Mars.
Yes it can I believe it can be seen with your eyes. It can be seen in colour through a telescope.
Mars is tremendously farther away from the Earth than the moon is.
Distance from Earth, size of star, and temperature of star.
Distance from Earth, size of star, and temperature of star.
No - a star as seen from earth is it's apparentbrightness. It's absolute brightness is measured by astronomical instruments. The brightest visible star from earth is Sirius, in the constellation Canis Major. Spica, in Virgo, has a much higher absolute brightness than Sirius, but Sirius is much closer to earth, so it is apparently brighter than Spica.
The four main moons all look about the same brightness as seen from Earth, and they are all at about the same distance from the Earth. That means that their brightness seen from Jupiter would depend on their distances from Jupiter.
Double stars, or a Super Nova, or a comet that is close to Earth the Moon and of course Venus. The morning, evening "Star". Actually you have to distinguish between apparent brightness (as seen from Earth) and absolute brightness (as seen from a standard distance). In apparent brightness, Venus, Jupiter and Mars are brighter than any star - but their real brightness is much less. In absolute terms, some things that are brighter than single stars are groups of stars (double stars, star clusters, galaxies, galaxy clusters), exploding stars (novae, supernovae, hypernovae); and quasars.
Mars.