The term coevolution (affect) is used to describe cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other's evolution. So for example, an evolutionary change in the morphology of a plant, might affect the morphology of an herbivore that eats the plant, which in turn might affect the evolution of the plant, which might affect the evolution of the herbivore and so on.
what affect tectonics have on evolution of new spiecies
No
ponies fly
The word "evolution" means "change". The Theory of Evolution is concerned with change among living things, animals and plants. Such change does not affect climate in any significant way. Earth is also evolving. The tectonic plates are moving; volcanic action is changing the face of the Earth, creating new islands, changing the topography. These changes---the evolution of Earth---do affect climate.
For a mutation to affect evolution, it must occur in the DNA of reproductive cells (sperm or egg cells) so that it can be passed on to offspring. Mutations that occur in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) do not directly impact evolution as they are not inherited by future generations.
yes it does
Climate change is a good example of an environmental factor that will certainly affect the way populations evolve.
The "rate" of evolution is most accurately gauged in terms of divergence between genetic sequences. Chromosomes are basically groupings of such sequences. It is certainly possible that the number and order of these groupings affect future developments (for instance: polyploidy and chromosomal fusions can affect speciation events), but they do little to affect the overall "rate" of divergence.
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Cyanobacteria photosynthesised, which meant that they released oxygen. This was the key to the evolution of eukaryote cells that aerobically respired. From their evolution, the O2 levels in the atmosphere was able to increase; this is why we eventually evolved.
A frame-shift mutation has greater potential to affect the evolution of a population because it can alter the entire reading frame of a gene, leading to a non-functional protein. This can result in significant changes to an organism's phenotype, potentially affecting its survival and reproduction, and thereby influencing the population's evolution.
Nuclear fusion affects stellar evolution by essentially halting all mitosis and miosis that any cells in a stellar evolution could experience, and they stunt the growth of the object.