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A biphosphoglycerate is a salt or ester of biphosphoglyceric acid.
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What is a biphosphoglycerate?
A biphosphoglycerate is a salt or ester of biphosphoglyceric acid.
What are the steps in Calvin cycle?
1. Carbon FixationStep 1: 3 CO2 comes in and an enzyme called rubisco hopefully (when I say hopefully, I mean that because it might catalyze oxygen instead of carbon, which is bad) catalyzes carbon.Step 2: The carbon is turned into RuBP (a 6 carbon), which is unstable, so it instantly turns into two of 3-PG (a 3 carbon). There are 6 of these.2. ReductionStep 3: The 3-PG get a phosphate each from ATP, which then turns into ADP. The 3-PG now become 3-biphosphoglycerate. There are 6 of these.Step 4: The 3-biphosphoglycerate each get an hydrogen ion (H+) from NADPH, which then turns into NADP+.Step 5: The molecule then and there loose a phosphate group, which goes back to restoring the ADP into ATP. The resulting molecule is called G3P, which is final goal for the Calvin Cycle. There are 6 G3P molecules.3. RegenerationStep 6: As I mentioned earlier, G3P is the main goal of the Calvin cycle, so only one out of the 6 are used for as organic compounds, whereas the rest go back in the cycle.Step 7: The 5 G3P molecules that go back to the cycle are rearranged to become the molecule RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) and go back to step 2.
Chemical process involved in glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. Energy is released during glycolysis.
Give a detialed account of the various steps involved in Calvin cycle?
In plants, after the light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, the anabolic Calvin cycle occurs. Carbon, which enters the Calvin cycle as CO2, leaves in the form of sugar. Also, the cycle consumes NADPH as reducing power to make sugar by adding high-energy electrons and spends energy in the form of ATP. The Calvin cycle consists of three main phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor. In carbon fixation, the enzyme rubisco catalyzes the incorporation and attachment of each CO2 molecule one by one to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), a five-carbon sugar. This resulting six-carbon intermediate is short-lived because it is unstable; it splits in half, immediately forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate for each CO2. Note that it is important to keep track of the number of molecules, and counting the total carbons is one good way to keep track. Originally there are 3 molecules of the 5-carbon RuBP (total: 15 carbons). If 3 CO2 molecules enter one at a time, then there are three 6-carbon intermediates (total: 18 carbons-15 carbons from the original RuBP + 3 carbons each CO2 molecule) and then six 3-phosphoglycerate molecules (total: 18 carbons). Then reduction occurs as 6 ATP provide the six 3-phosphoglycerate molecules with another phosphate group. As a result, all of the six 3-phosphoglycerate molecules are now six 1,3 biphosphoglycerate. Each 1,3 biphosphoglycerate has 3 carbons, so there are still 18 total carbons. Next, the six 1,3 biphosphoglycerate molecules are reduced to six glyceraldehydes-3-phosphates by six pairs of electrons donated from six NADPH. To be even more detailed, the carboxyl group of the 3-phosphoglycerate (G3P) is reduced by the NADPH electrons to G3P's aldehyde group, which stores more energy. There is a net output of one G3P molecule, which becomes the starting material from which other organic compounds such as glucose are synthesized through various metabolic pathways. Note that G3P is the same 3-carbon sugar formed by the splitting of glucose in glycolysis. Also, there is now a total of 15 carbons in the Calvin cycle (18 carbons - 3 carbons that left in the outputted G3P). Lastly, the carbon skeletons of the five remaining G3P molecules are rearranged into 3 molecules of 5-carbon RuBP with the help of three more molecules of ATP. The CO2 acceptor RuBP is regenerated and ready to receive CO2 once more as you can see from the total of 15 carbons in the cycle, and the Calvin cycle can now begin again. Also note that the Calvin cycle consumes 6 NADPH molecules and 9 ATP molecules in all for the net synthesis of one G3P molecule.
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
1. Carbon FixationStep 1: 3 CO2 comes in and an enzyme called rubisco hopefully (when I say hopefully, I mean that because it might catalyze oxygen instead of carbon, which is bad) catalyzes carbon.Step 2: The carbon is turned into RuBP (a 6 carbon), which is unstable, so it instantly turns into two of 3-PG (a 3 carbon). There are 6 of these.2. ReductionStep 3: The 3-PG get a phosphate each from ATP, which then turns into ADP. The 3-PG now become 3-biphosphoglycerate. There are 6 of these.Step 4: The 3-biphosphoglycerate each get an hydrogen ion (H+) from NADPH, which then turns into NADP+.Step 5: The molecule then and there loose a phosphate group, which goes back to restoring the ADP into ATP. The resulting molecule is called G3P, which is final goal for the Calvin Cycle. There are 6 G3P molecules.3. RegenerationStep 6: As I mentioned earlier, G3P is the main goal of the Calvin cycle, so only one out of the 6 are used for as organic compounds, whereas the rest go back in the cycle.Step 7: The 5 G3P molecules that go back to the cycle are rearranged to become the molecule RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) and go back to step 2.Read more: What_are_the_steps_in_the_Calvin_cycle
Describe the steps of the Calvin Cycle?
1. 6 carbon dioxide molecules combine with six 5-carbon molecules forming twelve 3-carbon molecules. 2. The 12 3-carbon molecules are converted into high-energy forms. 3. 2 of the 12 3-carbon molecules are removed and the plant uses them to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds. 4. The 10 3-carbon molecules change back into six 5-carbon molecules, which combine with 6 more carbon dioxide molecules. The process starts over.
How many ATP molecules are needed to split glucose into two?
This is only half of the picture! In glycolysis only two ATP's are produced because when glucose is converted to Glucose 6-phosphate, hexokinase requires ATP (first step). On the third step of glycolysis when fructose 6-phosphate gets converted by phosphofructokinase(PFK) into fructo 1,6-biphosphate it als requires ATP. As of now you have used 2 ATP molecules. after the splitting into glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate you start producing ATP when you convert 1,3-biphosphoglycerate into 3- phosphoglycerate, for a total of 2 ATP ( because you have two molecules of 1,3 biphophoglycerate). You also gain 2 more ATP's on the final step converting phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate (because you have 2 molecules of Phosphenolpyruvate) In summation, you use 2 molecule but you gain 4 molecules which means thay you ultimately have 2 ATP at the end of glycolysis.(2-4=2) but if you keep looking glycolysis produces 2 NADH (for the electron transport chain) and 2 pyruvate molecules for Krebs cycle. The transition step makes 2 NADH when converting pyruvate into Acetyl-Coenzyme A. Also, it produces 2 NADH from the conversion of D-isocitrate into alpha- ketogluterate and again from alpha-ketogluterate into succinyl-Coenzyme A. and finally when convertin Malate into Ox aloacetate. for a total of 6 NADH Also 2 GTP's are produced by the conversion of succinyl-Coenzyme A into succinate. finally, you also produce 2 FADH molecules. Now all the FADH and NADH go to the ETC This is where the brunt of the energy is made. Each FADH molecule produces 2 ATP and each NADH produces 3 ATP... this added witht the glycolysis ATP equals 36 ATP produced by a single molecule of Glucose. (10NADH(3ATP) +2 FADH(2ATP)+ 2 ATP)
How many reactions are there in photosynthesis?
1. First the chlorophyll (the chemical that makes plants leaves green and traps sunlight) traps the sunlight in the leaves. (The sunlight provides energy for the plants.)2. Next the sunlight gives the plant energy to start the food-making process.3. Then the roots suck nutrients up to the leaves and then the leaves mix carbon dioxide, the nutrients and water to make their food. (sugar)4. Finally they throw out their waste (oxygen).Carbon dioxide and water are two of the three products needed for photosynthesis. After the plant obtains water from the soil,the water molecules go into the root cells, and through the vascular tissue and through the stem, and to the leaves. The carbon dioxide is obtained from the air. Air passes through the stomata and into the air spaces of the kinda spongy mesophyll cells. The plant then uses the energy from the sun to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen; the oxygen is then released into the air, while the hydrogen is used to make a special compounds called ATP and NADPH. Through a subsequent series of steps (that just happen to not require light), hydrogen atoms from NADPH are combined with carbon dioxide from the air to produce glucose a simple sugar. The energy required to synthesize glucose is supplied by breaking down the ATP that was produced earlier.1. Sunlight is absorbed by the chorophll which is a chemical in the choroplasts.2. The light energy is then converted to chemical energy.3. this energy is then used to split water molecules from the soil into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxgyen is then given away as a gas and the hydrogen becomes part of the glucose that the plant produces!
What are the steps of glycolysis in order?
Glycolysis is an ancient biochemical process which, broadly speaking, splits glucose into pyruvate so that it can progress into the link reaction. it is an anaerobic process. Glucose is a hexose sugar and is therefore stable, to split it in two it needs to be "activated" first.1. in the cytoplasm of cells (not necessarily in the mitochondria) one molecule of inorganic phosphate (from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi) bonds with the sixth carbon atom of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate.2. still in the cytoplasm, another inorganic phosphate molecule (Pi) bonds to the first carbon atom of glucose to form glucose-1,6-bisphosphate. (i've been taught the prefix bissome people use di) this compound converts to its isomer fructose-1,6 bisphosphate.3. the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits into two molecule of triose phosphate. the double phosphorylation (addition of two phosphate groups) made the original glucose unstable which is why it is able to split in two.4. two hydrogen molecules are removed from each molecule of triose phosphate. so that it is oxidised. this is carried out by dehydrogenase enzymes5. the coenzyme NAD acts as a hydrogen acceptor. it works with the dehydrogenase enzyme and accepts two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NAD. two molecules of ATP are also formed at this stage. this is substrate level phosphorylation. two molecules of reduced NAD are formed for each glucose (remember one glucose splits into two triose phophate)6. four more enzyme catalysed reactions convert the triose phosphate molecules into pyruvate. which is also a three carbon compound. in this stage another two molecules of ADP are phosphorylated by adding one inorganic phosphate to each molecule.)net gain: two molecules of ATPtwo molecules of reduced NAD (these will carry hydrogen atoms to the inner mitrochondrial membranes and be used to generate more ATP through oxidative phosphorylationtwo molecules of Pyruvate which will be actively transported to the mitrochondrial matrix for the next stage of anaerobic respiration. in the absence of oxygen the pyruvate in the cytoplasm will be converted to lactic acid or ethanol
