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Yes, it is. That is why it is called "a dependent clause." It is dependent upon the independent clause.
Yes, "because I said so" is a dependent clause. By itself it is a fragment.
sentence fragment
clause because it simply has a subject and predicate
With your eyes. <<--That's a fragment. At minimum, a sentence must contain a subject and predicate (I am, we are). lacking these, the sentence is a fragment, a clause.
An independent clause without a subordinate clause is NOT a sentence fragment. It is an independent clause, therefore it can stand "independently," or alone.However, if you decide to use a subordinating clause, you will need to add a dependent clause because subordinating conjunctions (because, after, although, et al) are used to create a complex sentences(an independent + dependent clause).
A clause fragment is a group of words that resembles a complete sentence but lacks one or more essential elements, such as a subject or a verb, making it incomplete. It often leaves the reader expecting additional information to form a complete thought. For example, "When we went to the store" is a clause fragment because it does not express a complete idea. To correct it, one could add a main clause, such as, "When we went to the store, we bought groceries."
It is a subordinate clause.
To fix a sentence fragment that is a subordinate clause, you can either combine it with an independent clause or rephrase it to form a complete sentence. Adding an independent clause will make it a dependent clause, allowing it to function as part of a complete sentence. Alternatively, you can revise the subordinate clause into an independent clause by providing any missing subject or verb it may have.
The independent clause (the part that can stand by itself) is "he will not pass the course". The dependent clause (the sentence fragment) is "if he does not turn in his paper".
"When you visited the museum last week" is a dependent clause, so it is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought on its own and needs to be connected to an independent clause to form a complete sentence.