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it is di dexy nucleotide phosphates
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What is the role of dNTP in PCR?
dNTP's are the building blocks for new strands.
Which molecule or reaction supplies the energy for polymerization of nucleotides in the process of transcription?
The energy required for DNA replication or polymerization is derived from hydrolysis of the 5'- triphosphate group of a free dNTP.dNTP stands for all four tri phospate nulceotides such as dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP as they are the building blocks of the DNA molecule. These nucleotides are added to the 3'- hydroxyl group of the growing chain in complementary to template strand.ATP on the other hand is not involved in DNA synthesis as it is not deoxyribonucleotide, and NTPs (ATP,GTP,UTP,CTP) are the components of RNA.
In DNA replication why lagging strand formed in a discontinous manner?
There are two main reasons why the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous manner. One you would need to have triphosphates on the 3' side of nuclesoside (3'-dNTPs) when "proofing" the strand, this would require an evolving of an entirely different set of enzymes to make 3'-dNTPs, as well as to use them. Two, you would need to have polymerases that can add a 5'-dNTP to a 5' end of a growing chain, and this is chemically unfavored due to the ease of repairing DNA errors by the 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase. For the first reason, when DNA polymerase is "proof-reading" it removes an incorrect nucleotide and leaves a 3' OH. If this were the lagging strand, removal of a base would leave a 5' phosphate. Next, for addition of the correct nucleotide, a 5' phosphate bond would be cleaved to add to the 3' OH, this is a high-energy bond that is cleaved, which provides energy for polymerization. If it were the 5' phosphate, the addition would be of the 3'OH on the correct nucleotide. This would be a very slow process because there is no high-energy bond to be cleaved for addition of the 3'OH to the 5' phosphate. For the second reason, a whole new set of polymerases would have to be made because currently, the 5' dNTPs are added to the 5' triphosphate of the 3'OH on the growing strand. If you were to synthesize in the 3-5 direction, the 3'OH on the 5' dNTP would be added to the 5' triphosphate on the growing end.
What are two functions of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?
DNA Polymerase has 2 main functions. The first is replication, or creating the new DNA strand from the template it has been given. The second is proofreading the new strand after it has been created to make sure it had been copied correctly.
What do radioactive isotopes have?
Radioactive elements are just like the other elements. They are made of neutrons, protons, and electrons. The only real difference is that they radiate matter in the form of Alpha particles (Helium nuclei, more specifically the Helium isotope with an atomic mass of four [2 Protons, 2 Neutrons]), Beta positive (positrons), and Beta negative (electrons) particles. An atom emits an Alpha particle when the ratio of neutrons to protons in its nucleus is too low. This eventually stabilizes the atom, causing it to become a smaller element. Alpha radiation/emission has the highest ionizing strength of the two forms of particle emission, but also does the worst at penetration, being possible to stop with a mere sheet of paper. Beta radiation/emission occurs when an atom has an excess of a particular nucleonic particle. Positive Beta emission occurs when an atom has an excess protons. It resolves this problem by turning the extra protons into neutrons by means of emitting a positron (the polar opposite of an electron) and an electron-type neutrino. Negative Beta emission occurs when an atom has an excess of neutrons. It solves this by converting the extra neutrons into protons. In doing this, it emits an electron (the polar opposite of an electron) and an electron-type anti-neutrino. Beta radiation doesn't have as strong an ionizing power as Alpha radiation, but it has a greater penetrating strength, requiring that a minimum of a sheet of aluminum be used to prevent it from going to someplace unwanted. Then, there are really dangerous radioactive atoms. The kind that emit Gamma rays. Gamma rays radiate from atoms when they make a dramatic shift in energy states in an incredibly short amount of time by emitting photons. Gamma radiation has the highest ionizing power of all forms of radiation and also has the strongest penetrating force, so strong that not even a whole wall of lead can stop it, just weaken it.
What is the use of dNTP?
The use of dNTP is PCR and multiplex PCR
What is the role of dNTP in PCR?
dNTP's are the building blocks for new strands.
Role of component used in PCR?
TemplateThe template consists of the DNA region which will be amplified during the reaction. The template is one of the two strands in the double helix and is the point where the new strand will start to be built.Primers:There are two primers that are complemantary to the 3’ on the DNA strand. Without them the reaction can’t start.DNA polymerase:The DNA polymerase is a polymerase enzyme that builds/synthesizes DNA molecules out of its own nucleotide building blocks. This enzyme is essential for DNA replication (which is why it’s being used in PCR) and usually, it is working in pairs since it transforms a double stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded helixes.MgCl2 concentration:Forms a soluble complex together with dNTP which produces the substrate that the polymerese recognizes. Without this, the polymerase will have trouble starting, if at all.dNTP (Deoxynucleoside triphosphate):These are nucleotides which contains triphosphate groups. These groups, also commonly named “building blocks”, are the ones from which the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand.
Which molecule or reaction supplies the energy for polymerization of nucleotides in the process of transcription?
The energy required for DNA replication or polymerization is derived from hydrolysis of the 5'- triphosphate group of a free dNTP.dNTP stands for all four tri phospate nulceotides such as dATP, dCTP, dTTP, dGTP as they are the building blocks of the DNA molecule. These nucleotides are added to the 3'- hydroxyl group of the growing chain in complementary to template strand.ATP on the other hand is not involved in DNA synthesis as it is not deoxyribonucleotide, and NTPs (ATP,GTP,UTP,CTP) are the components of RNA.
What is the importance of Magnesium Chloride in PCR?
An essential cofactor for the DNA polymerase in PCR is Magnesium chloride. Its concentration must be optimized for every primer:template system. Many components of the reaction bind magnesium ion, including primers, template, PCR products and dNTPs. The main 1:1 binding agent for magnesium ion is the high concentration of dNTPs in the reaction. Because it is necessary for free magnesium ion to serve as an enzyme cofactor in PCR, the total magnesium ion concentration must exceed the total dNTP concentration. Typically, to start the optimization process, 1.5 mM magnesium chloride is added to PCR in the presence of 0.8 mM total dNTPs. This leaves about 0.7 mM free magnesium for the DNA polymerase. In general, magnesium ion should be varied in a concentration series from 1.5-4.0 mM in 0.5 mM steps.I just read somewhere that some PCR reagents require free Mg2+
In DNA replication why lagging strand formed in a discontinous manner?
There are two main reasons why the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous manner. One you would need to have triphosphates on the 3' side of nuclesoside (3'-dNTPs) when "proofing" the strand, this would require an evolving of an entirely different set of enzymes to make 3'-dNTPs, as well as to use them. Two, you would need to have polymerases that can add a 5'-dNTP to a 5' end of a growing chain, and this is chemically unfavored due to the ease of repairing DNA errors by the 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase. For the first reason, when DNA polymerase is "proof-reading" it removes an incorrect nucleotide and leaves a 3' OH. If this were the lagging strand, removal of a base would leave a 5' phosphate. Next, for addition of the correct nucleotide, a 5' phosphate bond would be cleaved to add to the 3' OH, this is a high-energy bond that is cleaved, which provides energy for polymerization. If it were the 5' phosphate, the addition would be of the 3'OH on the correct nucleotide. This would be a very slow process because there is no high-energy bond to be cleaved for addition of the 3'OH to the 5' phosphate. For the second reason, a whole new set of polymerases would have to be made because currently, the 5' dNTPs are added to the 5' triphosphate of the 3'OH on the growing strand. If you were to synthesize in the 3-5 direction, the 3'OH on the 5' dNTP would be added to the 5' triphosphate on the growing end.
What are two functions of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?
DNA Polymerase has 2 main functions. The first is replication, or creating the new DNA strand from the template it has been given. The second is proofreading the new strand after it has been created to make sure it had been copied correctly.
How many types of deoxyribonucleotides are found in DNA?
A nucleotide is a complex molecule made of n phosphates linked to one ribose linked to one nucleobase : [phosphate]n-Ribose-N. Several answers are then possible, depending on what "type" means! * If "type" refers to the number and disposition of phosphates, the answer is 5: no phosphate (it's then called a "nucleoside"), cyclic monophosphate nucleotide (cNMP), monophosphate nucleotide (NMP), diphosphate nucleotide (NDP) and triphosphate nucleotide (NTP). The number of phosphate vastly change the biological function. *if "type" refers to the nucleobase they bear, the answer is 5 major types plus some minor types. DNA contains 4 different nucleobases : adenine A, guanine G, cytosine C and thymine T. In RNA, T is replaced by uracil U (which very similar btw). As an example, the associated triphosphate nucleotides are ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP. Some other nucleobases exist which are mostly modified ATGCU. * If "type" refers to the chemical family of the nucleobase, the answer is 2 : the purines (A and G) and the pyrimidines (C, T and U). * If "type" refers to the oxidation state of the ribose, the answer is again 2 : some nucleotides have a 2-deoxyribose (dNTP) instead of a "regular" ribose (NTP). Both types perform a lot of specific biological functions, and are as well used as building block for DNA (deoxyribose-nucleotides) and RNA (ribose-nucleotides). All of these are "type" of nucleotides... and other "types" surely exist.
What do radioactive isotopes have?
Radioactive elements are just like the other elements. They are made of neutrons, protons, and electrons. The only real difference is that they radiate matter in the form of Alpha particles (Helium nuclei, more specifically the Helium isotope with an atomic mass of four [2 Protons, 2 Neutrons]), Beta positive (positrons), and Beta negative (electrons) particles. An atom emits an Alpha particle when the ratio of neutrons to protons in its nucleus is too low. This eventually stabilizes the atom, causing it to become a smaller element. Alpha radiation/emission has the highest ionizing strength of the two forms of particle emission, but also does the worst at penetration, being possible to stop with a mere sheet of paper. Beta radiation/emission occurs when an atom has an excess of a particular nucleonic particle. Positive Beta emission occurs when an atom has an excess protons. It resolves this problem by turning the extra protons into neutrons by means of emitting a positron (the polar opposite of an electron) and an electron-type neutrino. Negative Beta emission occurs when an atom has an excess of neutrons. It solves this by converting the extra neutrons into protons. In doing this, it emits an electron (the polar opposite of an electron) and an electron-type anti-neutrino. Beta radiation doesn't have as strong an ionizing power as Alpha radiation, but it has a greater penetrating strength, requiring that a minimum of a sheet of aluminum be used to prevent it from going to someplace unwanted. Then, there are really dangerous radioactive atoms. The kind that emit Gamma rays. Gamma rays radiate from atoms when they make a dramatic shift in energy states in an incredibly short amount of time by emitting photons. Gamma radiation has the highest ionizing power of all forms of radiation and also has the strongest penetrating force, so strong that not even a whole wall of lead can stop it, just weaken it.
What serves as the template for DNA replication?
The eukaryotic chromosomes are larger in size. Hence in order to overcome the limitation of DNA synthesis, multiple origins of replication are present in order to complete replication in a reasonable period of time.At the replication origin the strands of DNA must dissociate and unwind in order to allow access to DNA polymerase.Unwinding of the duplex at the origin as well as along the strands as the replication process proceeds is carried out by helicases.The resultant regions of single-stranded DNA are stabilized by the binding of single-strand binding proteins.The stabilized single-stranded regions are then accessible to the activities of other enzymes required for replication to proceed.The site of the unwound template strands is termed the replication fork.In order for DNA polymerases to synthesize DNA they must encounter a free 3'-OH which is the substrate for attachment of the 5'-phosphate of the incoming nucleotide.During replication the 3'-OH is supplied through the use of an RNA primer, synthesized by the primase activity. The primase utilizes the DNA strands as templates and synthesizes a short stretch of RNA generating a primer for DNA polymerase.Synthesis of DNA proceeds in the 5'---->3' direction through the attachment of the 5'-phosphate of an incoming deoxy nucleosidetriphosphate (dNTP) to the existing 3'-OH in the elongating DNA strands with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate.Initiation of synthesis, at origins of replication, occurs simultaneously on both strands of DNA.DNA synthesis process then proceeds bidirectionally, with one strand in each direction being copied continuously and one strand in each direction being copied discontinuously.The experimental support for this bidirectional mode of replication in the cells of higher eukaryotes was acquired by the fiber autoradiography of labeled DNAs got from mammalian cell cultures. When the replicating DNA extracted and isolated from eukaryotic cells are examined under the electron microscope, the clear "bubble" like structures extending from multiple replication origins are clearly visible.source: www.examville.com
Summarize the steps of DNA replication in your own words?
some teacher out there needs to answer this nowWatson and Crick developed a model for the secondary structure of DNA in 1953. DNA is a long linear polymer that has two major components: a backbone made up of sugar and phosphate groups and a series of nitrogenous bases that project from the backbone. These two long strands twist around each other and certain of the nitrogenous bases pair inside the spiral forming a double helix molecule. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds that form between the bases called adenine and thymine and the bases guanine and cytosine. Watson and Crick suggested that the A-T and C-G pairing rules suggested a way for DNA to be copied prior to mitosis or meiosis. They suggested that the existing strands of DNA served as a template for the production of new strands, with bases being added to the new strands according to complimentary base-pairing rules. Each existing or old strand separated and served as a template for the synthesis of a new second strand so that each daughter DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand, This is called semi-conservative replication and though other hypotheses were proposed experiments proved this hypothesis.DNA Replication Summary1. Helicase separates antipolar strands forming a replication fork.2. Binding proteins keep strands separate and topoisomerase relieves tension and removes kinks to allow the double helix molecule to continue to unravel.3. Primase adds an RNA primer with an OH group to chemically bond with the first dNTP.4. Polymerase III (Pol I-IV) synthesizes the leading strand in the 5'-3' direction. Antipolar lagging strand primer synthesizes RNA primer.5. Pol III elongates primer; produces Okazaki fragment6. Pol I excises RNA primer and fills the gap.7. DNA Ligase links Okazaki fragments to form a continuos strand.8. DNA Polymerase III can proofread.
How are DNA and RNA replicated?
During interphase.
