Depends on how you look at it. Tire + lots of pressurized air inside will weigh a tad more than tire with only a little air inside. But the actual tire casing will weigh the same whether it's inflated or not.
Apart from being inflated with air, Tyres can also be inflated with nitrogen. Nitrogen inflated tyres are very common in the racing scene due to they do not have a huge amount of alteration in the tyre when facing different temperatures. If tyres are not inflated correctly then this can lead to unnecessary wear on the tyre tread. This can lead to the tyre being illegal and could lead to you getting fined and points on your license.
There's a good chance you have a tyre that is badly out of round. Get it checked by a tyre specialist.
Yes, there is more mass in an inflated balloon than a deflated one. The difference is the gas that was used to inflate the balloon. The gas may not weigh very much, but it does make a difference.
Look at the tyre itself and there you find the tyre pressure e.g 35 psi. I inflated mine and the sensor when off.
A "solid rubber bicycle" wouldn't be particularly useful, so I assume that you actually mean a comparison between a solid and an inflated bicycle tire. Answer: It depends. An inflated tire of a very high pressure will compress less than a solid tyre made out of soft rubber. OTOH a hard rubber solid tyre will compress less than a low-pressure inflatable tyre.
Use a pump to pump it up.
There should be a pressure recommendation on the tyre sidewall. That value or slightly lower would be proper inflation.
If the tyre is inflated, yes. If it has been completely deflated, no.
Who ever told you the bat-moible got a flat tyre is making a joke of you or pulling your leg. The bat-moible never got a flat tyre in the movies, but maybe in the studio...
run-flat tyres can be repaired but it is highly recommend that you dont due to when a run flat tyre is damaged its side walls' strength is reduced which means that the tyre is not performing as safely as it should
No, there is a limit. The bicycle tyre should be inflated to the manufactures specified pressure for the tyre to perform properly and the bicycle to be safe to ride. Over inflating the tyre may cause it to pop off the wheel rim and burst.
Wear and deterioration around the 'edge' of each tyre, which is serious if the metal ply is staring to show through, and also a flat or unrounded appearance at the bottom of the tyre. Tyre pressure is measured in Psi (pounds per square inch), and correct tyre pressure can be taken using both manual or digital pressure gauges, that are available in most car accessory shops. They aren't expensive, but remember that each make and model of car has it's own correct precise tyre pressure, and there can also be a difference in pressure requirement between the front and rear tyres.