Basically nothing. It is a vacuum tube with tungsten filament hung on to two wires. Those wires applies voltage to the tungsten filament and bulb emits light (it is very hot indeed around 3000C). Most of the recent light bulbs contains argon gas.
The glass bulb of a light bulb is known as the globe. It is made from a thin layer of glass to ensure light efficiency and still support the rest of the bulb.
a bulb
Electricity and a glass bulb
Electricity + Glass = Light bulb
Glass is the insulator in a light bulb. The base has a heavy piece of glass to separate the ring from the center, and there is a glass support inside the bulb to hold up the filament and separate the wires going to the filament.
thermometer
Nothing, glass is an insulator.
Because inside of the glass bulb lies a vacuum that prevents the bulb from burning out within a few seconds rather than several thousand hours.
Glass
glass
Insulator.
It is there to protect the bulb.