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talking about clay making right? its when clay gets to the point where its dry but still flexible
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What is the definition for Leatherhard?
Leather hard is a ceramicist's term. It describes the state of clay or porcelain when it is still damp but inflexible.
What is a fired clay piece called?
A general term for unfired clay products is "greenware." The exact designation of unfired clay, however, depends on the stage of dryness. In order by increasing dryness, clay can become soft leatherhard, firm leatherhard, velvet and bone dry.
What is a bat when talking about ceramics?
In ceramics, a bat is a piece of plaster or plastic which is attached to the wheelhead before throwing. The clay is then centered and thrown and shaped on the wheel and the bat can then be easily removed with the wet piece unharmed and set aside to dry to the leatherhard stage, when it can be cut off the bat.
What does clay slip do?
Slip is simply clay mixed with enough water to make it a thick liquid. Usually potters use colored slip to decorate and/or texture pieces. Slip is also used as a glue to attach handles or mend broken pieces before they are fired. Slip can also be used to mold clay. Plaster molds are used which are assembled and clamped together and then the slip is poured in. As the water is absorbed into the plaster, a shell of clay is deposited on the inside of the mold. When the shell is thick enough, the remaining slip is poured out and the casting allowed to dry to a leatherhard stage. At this stage, the mold is taken apart and the casting is trimmed and finished.
What does slip do to clay?
Slip is clay that has more water added so it is liquid or a wet paste. It has many uses in pottery. Sometimes it has frit in it. Sometimes a deflocculant is used too. Sometimes it is called engobe (mainly in British books). Most Americans use the terms as the same. Some older books call slip with colorant for decoration "engobe" and slip for casting "slip"Small amounts can be used to join parts together, such as handles, spouts, knobs, sprigged on designs etc.It can be thinned to paint consistency and used to decorate pottery pieces when they are , wet, leather hard or bone dry (depending on the type of slip). It can be colored with mineral pigments like cobalt or iron or used as is.When decorating with it it can be used like paint, thin like water color, thick like oil paint and more. It can be finger painted or brushed in many ways. It can be dipped, splashed as well.It can be painted on and scratched through to make a design (sgraffito).Or it can be used to fill in marks that have been carved into the surface (inlaying)It can also be used to cast object by pouring it into molds to make anything from cups to busts to toilets to sewer pipe.
Ceramics Information and Resources?
There's all sorts of unique materials in the earth that have allowed humans to form different tools, and other useful objects with unique designs that can be used in a variety of ways. One of these resources is ceramics. A ceramic is a nonmetallic, inorganic elements prepared by heating and cooling. Ceramics can date back to 24,000 B.C. Where they were said to first be founded in Czechoslovakia in the form of human and animal fat and bone ash material. It is said that the first ceramic product was produced around 9,000 B.C. Glass was discovered around 8,000 BC in Egypt when overheated kilns produced a colored glaze on the pottery. Ceramics are processed by taking earth's inorganic and nonmetallic materials, clay-like materials, powder and firing them up at certain temperatures, forming them into their final form which we see when we go to stores to shop for products.There are two types of ceramics; crystalline and non-crystalline. Non-crystalline ceramics are classified to be products formed from melts, such as glass material. Non-crystalline ceramics are shaped when fully molten while a crystalline ceramic is formed during its powder-like stage then heated to form the final product. Whitewares, technical, structural, and refractories are four types of common ceramic products. Whiteware ceramics are products such as tableware, or pottery. Structural ceramics include pipes, floor and roof tiles, and bricks. Examples of technical ceramics are the nose cone of missiles, jet engine turbine blades, and gas burner nozzles. Refractory ceramics are used in linings for kilns, reactors, incinerators, and kilns. They are also used in glass making crucibles. Ceramics are even used in products we wouldn't even think it's used in. For example, ceramics can be used in ball bearings or in armored vests to improve the protection level of the vest against explosions and firearms. Some people even invest in ceramic knives because of the durability and longevity compared to a steel knife. Eventually, even gas turbine engines will have ceramic parts which will improve the performacne of the vehicle and allow for improved gas efficiency.In order for a ceramic product to look the way it does in stores, a multiple step process is followed. The first step is clay preparation and finding a plastic clay body. This is usually bought from a ceramic supplier rather than digging for the clay material yourself. Then designers take the clay and begin the wedging process. This is done by hand by moving, rotating and pressing the clay ball on a table getting all the air bubbles from the material. If air bubbles are not removed, then it could explode once the heating process begins. After that, the product is formed by wheeling, coiling, molding, or pinching methods. During the drying process, the clay loses water and becomes harder and stiffer. Once this happens, the product is wrapped in soft sheets of plastic and placed in a damp room for few days until it becomes what they call leatherhard. This is the point where the product has become partially dry and is still flexible. This is the last chance where designers have a chance to re-shape the products form if necessary or carve and add material before it reaches its greenware stage. This is the stage where no flexibility in the product is available and it's now ready for the bisque firing stage. The product is place in the kiln at approximately 1800 degrees F for one of two firings. This process hardens the product. Firing the product fast could make the product explode so the firing process is done over a three day period. On day two, the product once again goes into the 1800 degrees F kiln. Once it is fired the kiln is turned off and the product is allowed to cool. On day three, the product is removed from the kiln and placed back in the lab for final production which is glazing processes. Coloring materials and water is applied to the product through dipping sponging, spraying, and brushing to give the pottery or product is unique beautiful design. Once glazing is done, then product is put back in the kiln for glaze firing which is up to 2350 degrees F. and then cooled and removed on day three.Drying and Firing ProcessThe Tile-Making ProcessThe Ceramic ProcessWhen we study and research ceramics, we learn about previous cultures. Some of those cultures are the Greeks, Mayans, Korean and Chinese cultures. Sometimes, the glazing and paintings that are on the ceramics are representations of what is going on during that time of period. Some ceramic objects may have designs representing dance, and clothing rituals from eras such as the renaissance period or stone and iron ages. Many cultures expressed themselves through art and ceramic designs during those eras. The glazing and carving methods used on older model ceramics can lead to evidence of past ancestry and civilizations. Japan is known to have one of the oldest ceramic cultures in existence. It was believed that people used ceramics around 5000 years B.C.Why Study Ceramics?History of American Indian PotteryAncient Greek PotteryAncient Roman Pottery CeramicsAncient Egyptian PotteryCeramic PublicationsCeramics MonthlyCeramic ReviewAmerican StyleClay TimesArt New EnglandCeramic Arts & PerceptionCeramic Societies and OrganizationsThe American Ceramic SocietyTexas Gulf Coast Ceramic SocietyThe European Ceramic SocietyNational Council on Education for the Ceramic ArtsSoutheast Asian Ceramic SocietyItalian Ceramic SocietyThe New England Section of the American Ceramic SocietyNational Association for Ceramics in Higher EducationAddition ResourcesCeramic SculpturesHistory of Chinese CeramicsJomon Pot CultureAmerican Museum of Ceramic ArtHistory of PotteryCeramics TodayCeramic IndustryPDF ResourcesCeramic and Composite Materials Center (CCMC)FAQs About Lead in Ceramic TablewareCeramic ProcessingKorean Art and CultureProcessing of Ceramics and Composite MaterialsJournal of Ceramic Processing ResearchProgress In Electromagnetics ResearchMore Uniform Ferrite Powders through Precise Ceramic ProcessingTransient Modeling of Thermal Processing for Ceramic ProsthesesFundamental Research Needs in CeramicsThe Ceramic Firing ProcessMaya Ceramics Culture
