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the effective nuclear charge on barium is 2.
1.5
Effective nuclear charge is the net charge of an electron in an atom.Z(eff) = Z - S where:Z - atomic numberS - number of shielding electrons
Electron shielding decreases the effective nuclear charge.
inner electrons
2
atomic radius
a) How is the concept of effective nuclear charge used to simplify the numerous electron-electron repulsions in a many-electron atom?Effective Nuclear Charge- the (net) positive charge experienced by an electron in a many electron atom. This charge is not the full nuclear charge. It accounts for the shielding of the nucleus by other electrons in the atom.The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. These electrons are shielded from the nucleus by electron repulsions. The effective nuclear charge is less than the actual nuclear charge because the repulsions of the electrons needs to be taken into account.This is done in the equationZeff = Z (protons) - S (screening constant, the inner core amount of electrons)b) Which experiences a greater effective nuclear charge in a Be atom, the 1s electrons or the 2s electrons?The 1s electrons would have a greater nuclear charge. The number of electrons between the 1s electrons and the nucleus is less than the number of electrons between the 2s electrons and the nucleus. This means the screening constant is larger. When you subtract the larger amount of electrons from the amount of protons, 4, the difference will be less, meaning the value of the effective nuclear charge will be less.
Thge neutral atom of germanium has no charge; the cation is generally tetravalent.
As you go down the first group (or any group), you are adding protons and electrons. As you add more and more protons, the effective nuclear charge will increase.
A nuclear electric quadrupole moment describes the effective shape of the ellipsoid of nuclear charge distribution. The quadrupole moment depends upon the size and charge of the nucleus.
(A)Fluorine due to its high effective nuclear charge (B)Fluorine due to its low effective nuclear charge(C) Francium due to its great amount of shielding (D)Francium due to its low amount of shielding .(answer choices)