In the United States, the genre is associated principally with writers such as Abraham Cahan, Ellen Glasgow, David Graham Phillips, Jack London, and most prominently Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser. The term naturalism operates primarily in counter distinction to realism, particularly the mode of realism codified in the 1870s and 1880s, and associated with William Dean Howells and Henry James. It is important to clarify the relationship between American literary naturalism, with which this entry is primarily concerned, from the genre also known as naturalism that flourished in France at the end of the 19th century. French naturalism, as exemplified by Emile Zola, can be regarded as a programmatic, well-defined and coherent theory of fiction that self-consciously rejected the notion of free will, and dedicated itself to the documentary and "scientific" exposition of human behavior as being determined by, as Zola put it, "nerves and blood". Many of the American naturalists, especially Norris and London, were heavily influenced by Zola. They sought explanations for human behavior in natural science, and were skeptical, at least, of organised religion and beliefs in human freewill. However, the Americans did not form a coherent literary movement, and their occasional critical and theoretical reflections do not present a uniform philosophy. Although Zola was a touchstone of contemporary debates over genre, Dreiser, perhaps the most important of the naturalist writers, regarded Balzac as a greater influence. Naturalism in American literature is therefore best understood historically in the generational manner outlined in the first paragraph above. In philosophical and generic terms, American naturalism must be defined rather more loosely, as a reaction against the realist fiction of the 1870s and 1880s, whose scope was limited to middle-class or "local color" topics, with taboos on sexuality and violence. The most significant elements of this reaction can be summarized as follows. Naturalist fiction in the United States often concentrated on the non-Anglo, ethnically marked inhabitants of the growing American cities, many of them immigrants and most belonging to a class-spectrum ranging from the destitute to the lower middle-class. The naturalists were not the first to concentrate on the industrialized American city, but they were significant in that they believed that the realist tools refined in the 1870s and 1880s were inadequate to represent it. Abraham Cahan, for example, sought both to represent and to address the Jewish community of New York's East Side, of which he was a member. The fiction of Theodore Dreiser, the son of first and second generation immigrants from Central Europe, features many German and Irish figures. Frank Norris and Stephen Crane, themselves from established middle-class Anglophone families also registered the ethnic mix of the metropolis, though for the most part via reductive and offensive stereotypes. In somewhat different ways, more marginal to the mainstream of naturalism, Ellen Glasgow's version of realism was specifically directed against the mythologizing of the South, while the series of "problem novels" by David Graham Phillips, epitomized by the prostitution novel Susan Lenox: Her Fall and Rise (1917), can be regarded as naturalistic by virtue of their underclass subject-matter. Allied to this, naturalist writers were skeptical towards, or downright hostile to, the notions of bourgeois individualism that characterized realist novels about middle-class life. Most naturalists demonstrated a concern with the animal or the irrational motivations for human behavior, sometimes manifested in connection with sexuality and violence. Here they differed strikingly from their French counterparts.
Naturalistic writers believed that the laws behind the forces that govern human lives might be studied and understood through their objective study of human beings. Naturalistic writers thus used a version of the scientific method to write their novels; they studied human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were governed by forces of heredity and environment. Although they used the techniques of accumulating detail pioneered by the realists, the naturalists thus had a specific object in mind when they chose the segment of reality that they wished to convey.
Mid-19th
Nineteenth-Century Literature was created in 1945.
Different people would interpret this differently, and there is no generally accepted rule (as the fact that you have asked the question indicates). Of the two suggestions you offer, I would prefer the former. However, to avoid ambiguity I would reword it altogether and say something like 'around the year 1900'. Sometimes the context makes it clear - if you have been talking about the 1890s then say 'at the turn of the 19th century' it will be obvious that you mean 19th to 20th. (You could drop the '19th' altogether in that case.) Other constructions may be clear but they read a bit clumsily: 'the turn of the 19th/20th century'; 'the turn of the 19th/20th centuries'; 'the turn of the 19th to 20th century'. Better to reword, I think.
It was a movement in 19th Century American literature and thought. People should view objects in the world as small versions of the whole universe and to trust their individual intuition - it emphasizes intuition as a means of knowledge
Naturalism is a noun.
The correct chronological order is: Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism. The Enlightenment period focused on reason and intellectual thought in the 18th century, followed by Romanticism in the late 18th to early 19th century emphasizing emotion and individualism. Realism emerged in the mid-19th century, depicting reality as it is, followed by Naturalism which further emphasized scientific observation in the late 19th century.
late 19th to early 20th century
Yes, transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that emerged in the early to mid-19th century emphasizing individual intuition and the inherent goodness of people and nature. Naturalism, on the other hand, arose in the late 19th century as a literary movement that focused on depicting reality objectively and scientifically without the influence of personal feelings or beliefs.
The Symbolist Movement in Literature emerged in the late 19th century, around the 1880s. It was a reaction against realism and naturalism, focusing on symbolic and suggestive themes rather than direct representation. Key figures in this movement included Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Arthur Rimbaud.
naturalism
The first novels were published in the 19th century. Political conflicts were a part of American literature with comparisons made to other nations.
Edward Stone has written: 'The battle and the books' 'What was naturalism?' -- subject(s): American prose literature, Naturalism, Naturalism in literature 'Incident at Harper's Ferry' -- subject(s): History, Sources 'A certain morbidness' -- subject(s): American literature, History and criticism, Psychoanalysis and literature, Psychological aspects, Psychological aspects of American literature
yo ugly face
Emile Zola was best known as a French novelist in the 19th century. He was best known for his theories of naturalism. He died at the age of 62 in Paris, France.
Ancient literature (before 5th century) Medieval literature (5th to 15th century) Renaissance literature (14th to 17th century) Neoclassical literature (17th to 18th century) Romantic literature (late 18th to early 19th century) Victorian literature (19th century) Modern literature (early 20th century) Postmodern literature (late 20th century to present)
1873 was the 19th century (1800-1899).
naturalism