What is scope of chemical engineering in world wide?

What are chemical engineers responsibilities?

The Duties and Responsibilities of a Chemical Engineer:The role that a chemical engineer plays in today's world is an important one to put it quite simply. There are many responsibilities which a chemical engineer must undertake on a daily basis and various specific duties which must be carried out as well. It is important to look at these items to determine why the role of chemical engineer is so important and whether one is suited for a job of this type.What Is a Chemical Engineer?An individual who works as a chemical engineer is responsible for manufacturing chemicals and developing processes for doing so. The chemical engineer will also design chemical plant equipment as well. Some of the products which the chemical engineer is involved with developing may include rubber, plastic, gasoline, cement and paper, just to name a few.General Responsibilities of a Chemical EngineerThe chemical engineer is a person who has multiple job responsibilities under their charge. One who works as a chemical engineer must do a lot of research in the beginning to determine the best way of producing certain products. Along with researching the issues, the chemical engineer must design programs, machinery and processes which will allow the products to be manufactured. The chemical engineer must also perform a multitude of tests along the way to ensure that everything is going according to plan. Lastly, one who is a chemical engineer must consult with numerous individuals to ensure that their job is done to the best of their ability and the desired outcome is reached.Specific Duties of a Chemical EngineerBeneath all of the general responsibilities listed above, a chemical engineer must engage in numerous specific duties on a daily basis. The first duty which the chemical engineer is responsible for completing is research. The chemical engineer must take careful steps to ensure that what they are looking to manufacture and how they are looking to manufacture a product is the right avenue to pursue. The way to resolve this issue is by doing a lot of research on a variety of topics relating to chemical engineering.The chemical engineer is also responsible for designing a variety of items and this is a very important duty which they must complete. A chemical engineer must design various items such as measurement and control systems, chemical manufacturing equipment and chemical manufacturing processes. This is a major duty on the part of the chemical engineer and one which must be carried out with preciseness at all levels and stages.A chemical engineer must also engage in a wide array of analyses. The things which the chemical engineer must analyze include test data, engineering design, design problems and research findings. The chemical engineer must take painstaking measures to adequately analyze these items as the outcome of the project could very well depend on the analysis which is undertaken by the chemical engineer.One who is an engineer must develop certain procedures and policies as well so that there will be smooth operations all the way around the board. Various procedures and policies such as safety procedures, data tables and employment policies may all be in the hands of the chemical engineer. A senior level chemical engineer will have more to do with regard to developing policies and procedures within the company or corporation.The preparation of multiple reports is also in the hands of the chemical engineer. The chemical engineer must prepare data which specifically details the findings of certain tests and evaluations. These reports can be text or tables depending on the type of report which is needed.A chemical engineer will also deal with other individuals a great deal. The reason for doing so is to relay the results and findings as well as oversee other chemical engineers and related workers in their field. From time to time, chemical engineers must lecture to their peers and the general public regarding their job and role in society.Beneficial Attributes Which All Chemical Engineers Should PossessThere are many positive attributes which chemical engineers should have in order to make their job role progress more smoothly. First and foremost, a chemical engineer must have a keen scientific mind. As chemistry, physics and engineering are all part of the daily job role of a chemical engineer, it is imperative that an individual who has this profession possesses a keen scientific mind.Superb analysis skills are necessary for a chemical engineer to possess if he/she wants to be the best in their field. There are so many documents, processes, diagrams, tables and equations which a chemical engineer must analyze on a daily basis that it should be no shock that wonderful analysis skills are a must.A chemical engineer will also find it beneficial to have good research skills. Frequently a chemical engineer will need to find out certain information regarding their projects and will have to perform quite a good deal of research in order to obtain the results that they need. This is why valid research skills are handy for a chemical engineer to possess.Another attribute which a chemical engineer should have is a precise nature. Anything that is scientific warrants preciseness by those working in this field. A chemical engineer is no different. Since the chemical engineer is using various types of sciences to complete their job, it is important that they are precise. Not only will this make their job easier but it will also make it less likely that they make a mistake in the calculations and the final product as a result thereof.One who is a chemical engineer should be able to pay attention to detail. They need to be able to pick up on certain aspects of the engineering process and determine if something is working and if not, how they will fix it. By paying attention to detail and having this quality, a chemical engineer will find it easier to pick up on any potential problems which may occur along the way.ConclusionOne who is a chemical engineer will find that the role which they play is important and their work needs to be done as correctly as possible. If one is interested in pursuing a chemical engineer profession, they will find it valuable to consult the aforementioned items to see if this job is for them. In addition, if the interested party is good with details, precise in nature and has an excellent scientific mind, then obtaining a job as a chemical engineer might just be the best bet.

What are the health and safety hazards of hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are a vast and varied group of chemicals with a wide range of health and safety hazards. No single hazard applies to all hydrocarbons. It is best to seek information about the hazards of specific hydrocarbons by category or by specific chemical name.

How do you become a nuclear engineer?

You have to know stuff. You have to be smart and know things. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. Â· Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you.

What is printed circuit heat exchangers?

Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) are characterised as high integrity plate type heat exchangers. They are fabricated from flat metal plates (sheets) that have fluid flow channels chemically etched into them using the same process as printed circuit hence the product name. The etched plates are stacked and diffusion bonded together to make the core of the heat exchanger(s). PCHEs can be made of one or several cores welded together to suit the duties required. Headers and nozzles are attached to the core(s) to complete the exchanger. PCHE are highly compact, highly robust exchangers and can achieve high thermal effectiveness of over 98% depending on the process: - PCHE are four to six times smaller than conventional shell and tube heat exchangers of the equivalent duty. - They have a pressure capability in excess of 600 bar (9000 psi) and can cope with extreme temperatures, ranging from cryogenic to above 900°C (1650°F). They are well established in the upstream hydrocarbon processing, petrochemical and refining industries. They can incorporate more than two process streams into a single unit. This design feature has space and weight advantages, reducing exchanger size together with piping and valve requirements. Additional functions can be included in the exchanger design, such as chemical reaction, mass transfer and mixing, optimising the process considerably. The association of chemical etching and diffusion bonding processes into a single product allow the use of a wide range of materials of construction enabling the use of a wide range of clean fluids in the heat exchanger, including corrosive ones.

What is the uses of complex fertilizer?

If you were growing plants (lettuce etc) in a completely aquatic environment, (hydroponics) then your fertilizer mix would have to contain the quite wide range of minerals essential for plant growth. Another more common need for a more complex fertilizer would be if the local area soils were deficient in a particular mineral. In New Zealand, much of the volcanic soils are deficient in Selenium, and it needs be applied both for the health of the grass, and of the animals that graze on it.

What is scope of chemical engineering in world wide?

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