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What is the Differentiate between the parasympathetic and sympathetic system in regards to location receptors neurotransmitters and action?
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How can sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers exert antagonistic effects?
Sympathetic fibers convey impulses that stimulate our "fight or flight" response. Parasympathetic are just the opposite, you might say they are for "rest and digest". They are both firing at the same time but depending on your environment and emotional state, one will dominate over the other. Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers release different neurotransmitters, which bind to different receptors. Three structures that receive sympathetic innervation are the adrenal glands, arrector pilli muscles, and sweat glands.
Muscarinic receptors are found on?
Organs innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. One addition to that are sweat glands. They are innervated by sympathetic nervous system, however, they have muscarinic receptors, NOT adrenergic receptors.
Does epinephrine affect the muscarinic receptors?
No. Muscarinic receptors are affected by acetylcholinergic neurotransmitters (ie. muscarine, atropine). Only the parasympathetic nervous system have muscarinic receptors. Epinephrine affects adrenergic receptors (symapthetic nervous system).
Are sweat glands parasympathetic or sympathetic?
They are sympathetic but an exception - ACh is released as a post-synaptic neurotransmitter rather than Adrenaline/Noradrenaline.Illicitinga parasympathetic response will not stimulate these neurons and therefore sweating is not a parasympathetic side effect.However, as post-synaptic sweat glands contain Muscarinic receptors and not adrenoceptors the administration of a non-selective Muscarinic agonist would result in both a parasympathetic response such as constriction of the pupil or decreased heart rate as well as sweating due to the activation of these sympathetic post-synaptic MAChR in the sweat glands.Atropine would reduce all parasympathetic responses and stop sweating.
What does an axon release when an impulse reaches the end of it?
Neurotransmitters to the synapse and the neurotransmitters bind with the receptors releasing the second messengers.
Where are the receptors for neurotransmitters located?
Receptors for the various neurotransmitters are located on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic nerve terminals of the neuron.
What neurotranmitters are released by smpathetic and parasympthetic neurons?
The 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) both have 2 areas where neurotransmitter is released. ?They have ganglionic synapses in the periphery wherein neurotransmitter is released and have synapses on the target organs wherein neurotransmitter is released. ?So this means there is preganglionic and postganglionic release of neurotransmitter.Sympathetic preganglionic neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine. ?Acetylcholine affects muscarinic receptors here.Sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is Norepinephrine. ?Norepinephrine affects alpha or beta receptors here. ?Parasympathetic preganglionic neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine. ? Acetylcholine affects muscarinic receptors here.Parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine. ?In this case Acetylcholine affects muscarinic receptors.?Sympathetic neurons are considered to be adrenergic & sympathetic neurons are considered to be cholinergic.
What are motor end plates associated with?
Motor end plates are associated with cholinergic receptors. It can be muscarinic if it is innervated by the post ganglionic parasympathetic nervous system. If under sympathetic, it will be innervated by adrenergic receptors (exception being sweat glands). For somatic nervous system it is nicotinic.
What neurotransmitters bind to?
There are two receptors that neurotransmitters interact with: ligand-gated receptors or ionotropic receptors and G protein-coupled receptors or metabotropic receptors depending on the neurotransmitter (the ligand). When the ligand binds with the neurotransmitter receptor it causes a sequence of chemical reactions to relay signals.Brought to you by altogenlabs.com
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic activity control heart rate during hypobaric hypoxic conditions What is the basic mechanism of action?
Sympathetic activity during hypobaric hypoxic condition would increase while parasympathetic action would decrease. Parasympathetic activity via the vegus nerve would decrease its affects on the AV and SA nodes because of the increase in sympathetic activity. Cyclic AMP from the increase in sympathetic activity blocks Ach from binding muscarinic receptors on the nerves. This blocking of Ach would slow G protein from keeping leak K channels being open and for the G Protein to slow its closing of T-type Ca channels. Increase in sympathetic activity leads to norepinephrine and epinephrine being released. They bind to B1 receptors that activate Gs to activate Adenylate cyclase to activate cAMP that causes pro Kinase to open funny channles and t-type Ca channles causing depolerization.
What hormone action is used by neurotransmitters and olfactory receptors?
cAMP
How do drugs affect the process of synaptic transmission?
They can act in a number of ways, both presynaptically and postsynaptically. They can affect how vescicles release neurotransmitters, how neurotransmitters are cleaved/reuptake, they can block receptors, destroy receptors, agonistically bind to receptors which mimics the neurotransmitter. These are a few.
