H+ ions (protons) are built into a gradient.
By the action of electrons going down the electron transfer chain the energy is provided to pump H + into the outer lumen of the mitochondria creating the concentration gradient for H + to come down it's concentration gradient through the ATP synthase.
Proton pumps as well as ATP synthase operating in reverse maintain the hydrogen ion gradient of a cell.
The formation of NADPH, the movement of electrons from PSII to PSI, & the splitting of water
If you carefully put a drop of food coloring in a large container, you will notice that it will begin to move away from the place where the drop began. It actually, over a long time, it will diffuse all through the container. If the container is very large you may not even see the color any more. Since it moves away from the main drop, it is moving down the concentration gradient.
It is the concentration difference.If H+ concentration high in a place and low in another place,there is a H+ gradient.
H+ ions (protons) are built into a gradient.
By the action of electrons going down the electron transfer chain the energy is provided to pump H + into the outer lumen of the mitochondria creating the concentration gradient for H + to come down it's concentration gradient through the ATP synthase.
It is ratio of height to length ie., h/L.
The velocity gradient (du/dy) where du is the change in velocity and dy is the change in distance between plates, would have units of (1/time) or (1/sec).Hope this helps!
across the thylakoid membrane
A proton (H+) gradient
Proton pumps as well as ATP synthase operating in reverse maintain the hydrogen ion gradient of a cell.
A concentration gradient is a representatinve of energy storage. ATP the energy currency of the cell will require this conc. gradient for its formation. HIgher the conc. gradient the higher will be the stored energy and high the no of ATP can be formed.
High concentration of H+ ion in the intermembrane lead to the movement of H+ ions into the inner membrane
they are part of the electron transport chain and they are involved with the pumps that create the concentration gradient of H+
P. J. C. H. Cools has written: 'Characterization of copolymers by gradient polymer elution chromatography'