That depends on your frame of reference: are you outside the solar system "fixed to the distant stars, or on the Earth looking up? The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth every 27.32 days (relative to the distant stars); 29.53 days (with respect to the Sun); 27.32 days (with respect to the "vernal point on the ecliptic - where the Sun crosses).
The Moon is in synchronous rotation, which means it rotates about its axis in exactly the same time it takes to orbit the Earth, thus always showing the same side to obvservers on Earth (or just about - it does wobble a little so 58% of the surface was mapped before spacecraft photographed the far side of the Moon).
360 degrees
Due to the phases of the moon and rotation of the Earth.
The Earth-Moon gravitational interaction that produces the tides is gradually slowing the Earth's rotation. So, the Earth loses angular momentum. That causes the Moon to gain angular momentum. The acceleration of the Moon causes its orbit to slowly get larger. See "related links" below. In the link, look for the headings "Tidal Braking of the Earth" and "Lunar Recession".
orbit.
Since Earth has about 4 times the diameter of the Moon, the angular diameter of Earth, as seen from the Moon, is about 4 times larger than the angular diameter of the Moon, as seen from Earth. Since the Moon's angular diameter as seen from here is about half a degree, that would make Earth's angular diameter about 2 degrees.If you wish, you can look up more exact figures and do more precise calculations, but it is hardly worth the trouble, since there is some variation in the distance from Earth to Moon anyway.
* For a solar eclipse, there is no specific requirement about the angular sizes.* For a TOTAL solar eclipse, the angular diameter of the Moon must be larger than that of the Sun.
The law of conservation of angular momentum. The earths rate of rotation is slowing due mainly to the drag of the tides caused by the moon. To conserve the angular momentum in the earth/moon system the moon has to recede. The moon isn't moving.
Due to the phases of the moon and rotation of the Earth.
The Earth-Moon gravitational interaction that produces the tides is gradually slowing the Earth's rotation. So, the Earth loses angular momentum. That causes the Moon to gain angular momentum. The acceleration of the Moon causes its orbit to slowly get larger. See "related links" below. In the link, look for the headings "Tidal Braking of the Earth" and "Lunar Recession".
The phase of the moon depends on the rotation of the moon. A full moon gets full sun. A new moon is on the other side of the earth from the sun.
The moon is always rotating. It completes a full rotation every 27.32 days.
The appearance of full moons tend to vary in size. This is an optical illusion caused by the Earth's rotation and the distance between Earth and the Moon at the time of the full moon.
You never see the far side of the moon. Somewhat coincidently the moon has an angular rotation as the earths rotation, and therefore the same side of the moon is always facing earth. The far side is never seen. To the extent that the rotations are not exact, there may be a slight variation over many, many years.
The diameter of the Moon doesn't change. The apparent (or angular) diameter changes a little, depending on the distance of the Moon from Earth, but this is not directly related to the phases of the Moon.
27.3 days.
Saturn only does full rotations around the sun. It is totally unaware of the existence of earth's moon, and is completely unaffected by the moon's location.
The moon's rotation is not as fast as the Earth's rotation.
Because of the moon's orbit around Earth, and the Earth's rotation around the sun...