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In the ancient world, the Samaritans and the Hebrews seem to have descended from similar origins, but at some point, they deviated and ultimately became rivals. The Hebrews (or Judeans) believed the Samaritans had fallen away from Israelite religious practices and adopted pagan practices. The Samaritans believed they were the true Israelites, descended from the Tribe of Joseph; and they also believed the Judeans were not following the faith that God had established. Both groups seem to have feuded for centuries; each developed their own scriptures, their own customs, their own high priests, and their own interpretations of the Hebrew Bible.
While both groups did share a belief in the One God, and both accepted the Torah (the Teachings given by God to Moses), there were also a number of differences. For one, the Judeans (later called the Jews) regarded Jerusalem as their holiest site, while the Samaritans believed the holiest site was Mount Gerizim (near what is today Nablus, in the West Bank). The Samaritans also claimed to be descendents of one of the Ten Lost Tribes, which the Judeans seriously doubted. Also, at one point in their history, the Samaritans aligned with the Greeks and accepted Greek gods, which further alienated the Judeans and convinced them that the Samaritans did not really want to be Jewish. By the time of the early Christian church, the two groups were not even on speaking terms.
In modern times, there are few Samaritans left, and those who have survived practice a very ancient form of Jewish worship, with high priests, animal sacrifices, and other rituals and customs similar to those from Bible times; they do not recognize the Talmud nor modern holidays like Hanukkah. I enclose a link to a thorough essay on the Samaritans' history.
Answer:
According to Jewish sources (2 Kings 17:24), after the Assyrians exiled the Israelite Ten Tribes (about 2600 years ago), the Assyrian king brought non-Jews from Cutha, Babylonia and Syria (Hamat), and settled them in the depopulated area where the Ten Tribes had lived (Samaria). They were taught Judaism by one of the Jewish priests (2 Kings 17:27), and they were taught the Torah, which they wrote in the Old Hebrew script.
The Talmud relates how the Samaritans adopted some of the mitzvot (Torah-commands) but not others (Talmud, Berakhot 47b), how they denounced the Jews to Alexander in an unsuccessful attempt to get him to destroy the newly-built Second Temple (Talmud, Yoma 69a), and how they interfered with the declaring of Rosh Hodesh (the New Moon) (Talmud, Rosh Hashanah 22b). Our traditions relate how the Samaritans would waylay the Jews who tried to journey to the Holy Temple.
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∙ 10y ago
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Samaritans believe that God sanctified Mount Gerizim (outside modern Nablus) as the holy site for sacrifices. Jews say the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. This division may be a relic of the division between Judah and Israel before the Babylonian Exile, with the Samaritans being a remnant of the population of the northern kingdom of Israel that managed to hang onto their original homes through the invasions that destroyed that kingdom. The Samaritan Torah has been passed down through the past 2500 years through an independent scribal tradition from the Jewish Torah. The two Torahs differ in about 6000 p rlaces, mostly small variations in spelling or grammar, but a few significant places. The Samaritans entirely reject the Jewish texts added to The Bible after the Torah.
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