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The rules for using group number to predict oxidation state are that the element must be ionized and a number line must be used.
The oxidation number for 'O2' is zero(0). However, when calculating oxidation numbers in compounds containing oxygen, then the oxygen is used as a standard at '-2'. So as an example using potassium permanganate (KMnO4), what is the oxidation number of manganese (Mn). In solution this dissolves producing the permanganate ion (MnO4^(-). Note the charge on the ion is '-1'. Since there are 4 oxygens present , then the oxidation of the oxygen moiety is 4 X -2 = -8 . So creating a little sum Mn + -8(oxygen moiety) = -1 (overall charge on the ion). Mn + -8 = -1 Add '8' to both sides Mn = (+)7 is the oxidation number of manganese. So the formula could be written as KMn(VII)O4 . (Note the Roman numerals for oxidation number).
As an element, magnesium has an oxidation number of zero - it has control of it's own electrons, no more, no less. When it reacts, it gives away two electrons and becomes a 2+ ion. It therefore has an oxidation number of +2. All elements have an oxidation number of 0. In compounds; Everything in group 1 will take an oxidation number of +1. Everything in group 2 will take an oxidation number of +2. Halides generally have oxidation numbers of -1 but chlorine has many possibilities. Hydrogen is generally +1 but can be -1 if combined with a metal. Oxygen is always -2. You work out the oxidation numbers of other things using these, for example, in the ion NO3- each oxygen is -2, there are three of them, making -6. The overall ion is -1, so the N must be +5.This doesn't mean it is an ion that has lost 5 electrons, it means that it has given away control of 5 electrons to the oxygens that it is covalently bonded with.
KNO3 has no oxidation number. However, the individual atoms do each have an oxidation number. Using oxygen as the 'yardstick' at '-2' ; NB There are exceptions this rule. There are 3 oxygens, so the oxygen component has an oxidation of 3 x -2 = -6. So for it to be a neutrally charge molecule the potassium and the nitrogen must sum to +6. Since potassium only loses one electron its oxidation number is '+1'. It follows that nitrogen must be in oxidation state '+5' Summarising;- Potassium(K) = +1 Nitrogen(N) = +5 Oxygen(O) = 3 x -2 = -6 +1+5-6 = 0 NB Nitrogen , like sulphur and phosphorus exhibit various oxidation states. =
Using the periodic table of elements you can find the oxidation number of NaHCO3. Na has a charge of +1 so it's oxidation number is +1. H has a charge of +1 so again, the oxidation number is +1. CO3(carbonate) has an oxidation number of -2. As far as I know, you can find the oxidation number for CO3 because all charges together come out to be zero. With Na and H adding up to 2, CO3 can be seen to be -2. Also, CO3 is -2 because it's Lewis structure is two electrons short from being complete.
The rules for using group number to predict oxidation state are that the element must be ionized and a number line must be used.
The oxidation number for 'O2' is zero(0). However, when calculating oxidation numbers in compounds containing oxygen, then the oxygen is used as a standard at '-2'. So as an example using potassium permanganate (KMnO4), what is the oxidation number of manganese (Mn). In solution this dissolves producing the permanganate ion (MnO4^(-). Note the charge on the ion is '-1'. Since there are 4 oxygens present , then the oxidation of the oxygen moiety is 4 X -2 = -8 . So creating a little sum Mn + -8(oxygen moiety) = -1 (overall charge on the ion). Mn + -8 = -1 Add '8' to both sides Mn = (+)7 is the oxidation number of manganese. So the formula could be written as KMn(VII)O4 . (Note the Roman numerals for oxidation number).
As an element, magnesium has an oxidation number of zero - it has control of it's own electrons, no more, no less. When it reacts, it gives away two electrons and becomes a 2+ ion. It therefore has an oxidation number of +2. All elements have an oxidation number of 0. In compounds; Everything in group 1 will take an oxidation number of +1. Everything in group 2 will take an oxidation number of +2. Halides generally have oxidation numbers of -1 but chlorine has many possibilities. Hydrogen is generally +1 but can be -1 if combined with a metal. Oxygen is always -2. You work out the oxidation numbers of other things using these, for example, in the ion NO3- each oxygen is -2, there are three of them, making -6. The overall ion is -1, so the N must be +5.This doesn't mean it is an ion that has lost 5 electrons, it means that it has given away control of 5 electrons to the oxygens that it is covalently bonded with.
KNO3 has no oxidation number. However, the individual atoms do each have an oxidation number. Using oxygen as the 'yardstick' at '-2' ; NB There are exceptions this rule. There are 3 oxygens, so the oxygen component has an oxidation of 3 x -2 = -6. So for it to be a neutrally charge molecule the potassium and the nitrogen must sum to +6. Since potassium only loses one electron its oxidation number is '+1'. It follows that nitrogen must be in oxidation state '+5' Summarising;- Potassium(K) = +1 Nitrogen(N) = +5 Oxygen(O) = 3 x -2 = -6 +1+5-6 = 0 NB Nitrogen , like sulphur and phosphorus exhibit various oxidation states. =
Using the periodic table of elements you can find the oxidation number of NaHCO3. Na has a charge of +1 so it's oxidation number is +1. H has a charge of +1 so again, the oxidation number is +1. CO3(carbonate) has an oxidation number of -2. As far as I know, you can find the oxidation number for CO3 because all charges together come out to be zero. With Na and H adding up to 2, CO3 can be seen to be -2. Also, CO3 is -2 because it's Lewis structure is two electrons short from being complete.
the highest number you can count up to using 10 bits is 1029 using binary
Think about it, the overall charge of CaH2 is neutral (meaning a charge of 0). One of the oxidation rules states that H has a charge of -1 if it is apart of a hydride (Ex LiH, CaH2 is also a hydride). Because there are 2 Hs, it's charge would be -2. If you add the charge of calcium which is 2 with the hydrogens charge -2 you would get 0, which is right because the molecule is neutral. 1- Apex
It is customary to assign oxygen an oxidation number of -2, except in peroxides and superoxides. Using this convention, phosphorus must have an oxidation number of +3 to balance the charges in P4O6. (6 X 2 = 4 X 3)
The answer is 15.
Eightyfour.
Oxidation number is usually defined along the lines of the charge on the central atom if all "ligands" are removed along with the electron pairs.Now C2H4 is H2C=CH2 so we remove H as H- and leave a "charge" on the carbon atoms of 2+. the oxidation number of carbon is therefore (+)2.There is always debate about this term and the closely related term oxidation state. Confusingly some people use the term oxidation number to mean oxidation state.To calculate oxidation state which uses the relative electronegativity to determine which atom "keeps" the electrons, the hydrogens would be treated not as H- but as H+ leaving the carbon in an oxidation state of -2.My advice would be to check your notes and see which definition your teacher is using.
under one method - P has oxidation number of -3, this is where H is assigned +1 except in metal hydrides. Using the electronegativity method and using Pauling EN H is slightly more electronegative than P so on that method P would be +3. It all depends where you are taught.