Oxidation Numbers

Yes, transition metals can have more than one oxidation number due to their ability to lose different numbers of electrons from their d and s orbitals. For example, iron can exist in the +2 and +3 oxidation states, while copper can be found in the +1 and +2 states. This variability in oxidation states is a key characteristic of transition metals and allows them to participate in a wide range of chemical reactions.

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In the electroplating process, iron (Fe) is typically oxidized. This occurs because iron serves as the anode, where it loses electrons and forms iron ions. Silver (Ag), being reduced at the cathode, gains these electrons and is deposited onto the surface to be electroplated. Thus, in this scenario, iron is the material that undergoes oxidation.

The general rule for predicting the oxidation numbers of the carbon family (Group 14 elements) is that carbon typically exhibits oxidation numbers of -4, +4, and occasionally +2. In compounds, carbon usually adopts a -4 oxidation state when bonded to more electronegative elements, such as in methane (CH₄). It can also have a +4 oxidation state in compounds like carbon dioxide (CO₂) when bonded to oxygen. The oxidation state can vary based on the specific bonding environment and the elements involved.

In a molecule the oxidation number is written in ROMAN numerals after the given element.

Although all Group oxidise, any one Group only oxidises by the Group Number, except the Transition Element. These lie between Group '2' & '3' in the Periodic Table.

If we take say, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) The manganese (Mn) has different oxidation states. In the above molecule KMnO4 we could write it as

KMn(VII)O4.

The potassium(K) is a Group '1' element so its oxidation state is Always '1'.

The oxygen (O) has a standard at '-2' . So for four oxygens the overall moiety on oxygen is 4 x -2 = -8

Composing a little sum

Mn + 1 - 8 = 0 (Zero for a neutrally charged molecule).

We have Mn = 8 - 1 = (+)7 (Roman Numerals VII).

The oxidation Number tells us that seven of the manganese electrons in the outer electron energy shell take part in bonding.

Compare to nitrogen in Ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen has five electrons in its outer energy (valance) shell , but only three of those five electrons are involved in bonding to hydrogens, leaving a 'lone pair' of unbonded electrons in nitrogen of ammonia. So nitrogen's oxid'n state in ammonia is '+3'.

Archaically, there is a subtle change of name to indicate different oxidation states.

e.g.

Ferrous chloride (Fe(II)Cl2

Ferric chloride (Fe(III)Cl3

However, remember that Oxidation Number refers to the number of electrons in the outer energy(valance) shell that are involved in Bonding.

Auto-oxidation is a spontaneous chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen, leading to the degradation or deterioration of the material. This process is commonly seen in organic compounds, such as fats and oils, resulting in rancidity. Auto-oxidation involves the formation of free radicals, which propagate further reactions, often leading to undesirable changes in color, flavor, and nutritional quality. Factors such as heat, light, and the presence of catalysts can accelerate auto-oxidation.

In aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), the oxidation number of aluminum (Al) is +3. This is determined by considering that oxygen typically has an oxidation number of -2. Since there are three oxygen atoms contributing a total of -6, the two aluminum atoms must have a combined oxidation number of +6, leading to an individual oxidation state of +3 for each aluminum atom.

Wjat is 'li3po3'. ??? If you mean Li3PO3, then note the use of Capital and small case letters.

For lithium phosphite (Li3PO3) , use oxygen as the standard at '-2'

Since there are three oxygens, then the overall oxidation is '-6'

The phosphite anion 'PO3^(3-) has an overall charge of '-3', there being three positives from the lithium (3 x Li^(+)).

So doing a 'little sum'

P + (3 x -2) = -3 ( The anionic charge).

P + -6 = -3

Add ''6' to both sides.

Hence

P = + 3 (The oxidation state of phosphorus.

NB Phosphorus is in the same Group(V) as nitrgoen, and like nitrogen , it can exhibit variable oxidation states.

Compare with Li3PO4 ( lithium phosphate) . In this compound phosphorus in is oxidation state ' +5 '.

Also Note the suffix in the name '+3' is '---ite' , and '+5' is '---ate'.

Are you thinking of a phosphorus oxide (PO) or elemental metal polonium 'Po'. ????

If you are thinking of an oxide of phosphorus , then the chemical formula is P2O5, or its dimer P4O10; (PO) does NOT exist .

If you are thinking of the elemental metal polonium , then the chemical symbol is 'Po'. Note the small case 'o'.

Polonium is a highly radio-active and poisonous metal, and is kept in a very secure environment.

If a subsequence of ( S_n ) is bounded, it implies that the values within that subsequence do not diverge to infinity and remain within a finite range. This boundedness indicates that the original sequence ( S_n ) must exhibit some form of convergence behavior, as an unbounded sequence would have subsequences that also diverge. Additionally, the existence of a bounded subsequence can suggest that the original sequence cannot oscillate or behave erratically, thus leading to the conclusion that the entire sequence has a limit point. Consequently, the boundedness of at least one subsequence is a key indicator of potential convergence in the full sequence.

Aurum, commonly known as gold, typically has an oxidation number of +1 or +3 in its compounds. The +1 oxidation state is found in compounds like gold(I) chloride (AuCl), while the +3 state appears in compounds such as gold(III) chloride (AuCl₃). Gold can exhibit other oxidation states as well, but +1 and +3 are the most common.

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In aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), the oxidation number of aluminum (Al) is +3, while the oxidation number of oxygen (O) is -2. Since there are two aluminum atoms contributing a total of +6 and three oxygen atoms contributing a total of -6, the compound is electrically neutral, confirming these oxidation states. Thus, the oxidation numbers are +3 for Al and -2 for O.

Zero(0) for elemental nitrogen.

However, nitrogen exhibits various oxidation numbers when combined with other elements, to form compounds.

The oxidation number is the number of electrons in the valence shell directly involved in the combination with another element.

e.g.

N2O = Oxid'n No. 1 (Nitrous oxide ' Laughing Gas').

NO = Oxidation No. 2 (Nitrogen monoxide)

NO2 = Oxid'n No. 4 (Nitrogen dioxide)

HNO3 = Oxidation No. 5 . (Nitric Acid)

HNO2 = Oxid'n No. 3 ( Nitrous Acid).

NB THere may be electrons in the valence shell not directly combining in a compound/reaction, known as 'lone pairs'.

NB

Phosphorus, which is in the same Group(V) as nitrogen also exhibits variable oxidation states.,

Elemental oxygen 'O2' is in zero oxidation state .

However, when oxygen is combined into moledcules, it is usually '-2' , but can be '-1'

NO!!!

Phosphates it is '+5'

Phosphides it is '-3'

+5

The phosphate anion is PO4^(3-) .

Using oxygen as the yardstick (standard ) at '-2'

The the four oxygens have an overall oxidation of 4 x -2 = -8

Then creating a sum

P - 8 = -3 ( The anionic chagre0.

P = -3 + 8

P = +5 .

NB In the nitrogen group , which includes phosphorus, the elements have variable oxidation states.

The oxidation number of Ca in CaO2 is +1. This is because the oxidation number of O is -2, and since there are two O atoms in CaO2, the overall charge contributed by the oxygen atoms is -4 (2*-2). Therefore, the oxidation number of Ca must be +1 to balance the charges and make the compound neutral.

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'3'

H3PO3

To calculate oxidation no. First sepatate out the ion.

In this case PO3^(3-).

Using oxygen as tha standard at '-2'.

Then the oxygen moiety is '3 X -2 = -6'

Creating a little sum

P + -6 = -3 (The charge on the ion) .

Add '6' t

NB 'P' is in the same group as 'N' . Elements in this Group have variable oxid'n numbers.

Hence

P -6 + 6 = -3 +6

P = +3 The oxidation number of 'P'.

In CsO2, cesium (Cs) has an oxidation number of +1 because alkali metals typically have an oxidation number of +1. Oxygen (O) typically has an oxidation number of -2 in compounds. Since the overall charge of CsO2 is neutral, the oxidation number of oxygen would be calculated as follows: (oxidation number of Cs) + 2(oxidation number of O) = 0. Therefore, the oxidation number of oxygen in CsO2 is -1.

The oxidation number of K in KOH is +1 because it is an alkali metal. Oxygen (O) typically has an oxidation number of -2 in compounds. Hydrogen (H) usually has an oxidation number of +1 in compounds. By applying these values, the oxidation number of KOH is -1.

In the tetrathionate ion (S4O6)2-, the total charge of the ion is 2-. Each oxygen atom has an oxidation number of -2, totaling -12 for all six oxygen atoms. Since the overall charge is 2-, the sum of the oxidation numbers of sulfur atoms must equal +2. With four sulfur atoms present, each sulfur atom in the tetrathionate ion has an oxidation number of +6.

The oxidation number for H in H4P2O7 is +1. Each hydrogen atom has an oxidation number of +1 because it is bonded to more electronegative elements like P and O, which have higher electronegativity values.

CN- group has an overall charge of -1. C has oxidation of +2 and N -3 in CN since N has more negativity than C. In other words, N competes and wins with C when both try to take electrons to satisfy their need to become stable. Cheers.