It is called a stem
When the handle is in line with the pipe, the valve is open.
A stem
A spigot is a name for the pipe where water comes out of the plumbing. There is usually a handle that when turned can stop or start the flow of the water.
A long handle with a chain attached is used on larger pipe. The chain is rapped around the pipe and attached to the handel. You can turn the pipe with this leverage.
To determine if a valve is open or closed, you can visually inspect the position of the valve handle or lever. If the handle is parallel to the pipe, the valve is open. If the handle is perpendicular to the pipe, the valve is closed.
A long handle with a chain attached is used on larger pipe. The chain is rapped around the pipe and attached to the handel. You can turn the pipe with this leverage.
The position of the handle indicates the direction of the opening through the ball, IE. handle in line with pipe, valve is open, tangent to pipe, valve is closed.
The longer the handle the more leverage you have.
The pipe capacity equation, also known as the Manning formula, is used to calculate the maximum flow rate that a pipe can handle. It is expressed as Q (1.486/n)A(R2/3)(S1/2), where Q is the flow rate, n is the Manning roughness coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, R is the hydraulic radius, and S is the slope of the pipe.
Use a lead-free silver solder. It is the only thing that can handle the pressure and bond with the copper pipe.
It depends on the length, diameter, and if the pipe is smooth or has 'ripples' in the sides. There is no way to answer this without more information.
Yes, you can change the shifter handle. Remove the hairpin clip at the front side of the handle and lift the handle from the metal pipe.