Consult your owner's manual. It will vary depending on powder type, projectile weight and whether it is a rifle or hand gun. If you don't have a owner's manual, go to the maker's website. Most will let you download one or request a hard copy for free. If the maker is no longer in business, take it to a qualified gun smith and see if they can assist.
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Can't be answered as asked.
50-100 USD
10-1000 USD depending on exactly what you have.
Typically, 20-30 grains. Depends on the bullet/ ball you are using. Contact the maker, get a copy of the owner's manual, follow instructions.
Black powder is not waterproof. It is highly sensitive to moisture and can easily absorb water, which can degrade its performance and make it unreliable or potentially dangerous to use. Proper storage in dry conditions is crucial to maintain the stability and effectiveness of black powder.
dr eq = drams equivalent. Black powder used to be measured in drams, which was a measure of the volume of black powder used in a load (basically the amount used). When smokeless powder came along later, both smokeless powder and black powder existed at the same time for a while. A smaller amount of smokeless powder was equal in power to a larger amount of black powder. To keep things simple shells using smokeless powder were referenced to how many drams of black powder would be needed to produce similar results. This continued into modern times. A shell marked 3 1/4 dr eq is roughly equal to a black powder load of 3 1/4 drams. This allows an idea of how much power a shell has regardless of the actual amount of powder that is inside the shell.
Back when the round was powered by black powder, the "20" meant the amount in grains of the powder charge.
You can contact Dixie directly, via inter net dixiegunworks.com or phone 731-885-0700 they have been very helpful in the past for me on this type of information.
Black powder and smokeless powder are two totally different animals. For all intents smokeless is meant for loading cartridges and black powder is used for muzzle loading fire arms. Black powder can also be used in cartridge loads. You have heard terms referring to a gun in 45-70 on 38-20 or 44-40 calibers. Those numbers refer to the caliber (45) and the amount of black powder in the cartridge (70 grains) Smokeless powder should NEVER be used in place of black powder in muzzle loaders, or in the same volume as black powder in cartridge loads. So depending on what you are shooting both powders have there place.
In my short barrels I use 15 grains of 3F black powder. You can fiddle a bit with the amount +/- to do what you need, but I found it to be a good load for up to a 4" barrel.
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is a black powder.