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Used to replace a failed drive in a redundant array.

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Q: What is the purpose of a Hot Spare in a RAID array?
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What is the maximum number of hard disks required for implementing a RAID-5 volume?

Three disks would be the absolute minimal for starting a RAID-5 volume. As for the maximum? It would be limited only by your Raid controller and budget. Theoretically one could have an infinitely large disk array with sufficient controllers and systems. Of course access time and disk failure rates compiled with volume recovery would become an issue. Even with hot spares. Hope this helps!


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Describe the differences between a hardware RAID and a software RAID?

Brief introduction about Hardware RAIDThe hardware-based system manages the RAID subsystem independently from the host and presents to the host only a single disk per RAID array.An example of a Hardware RAID device would be one that connects to a SCSI controller and presents the RAID arrays as a single SCSI drive. An external RAID system moves all RAID handling "intelligence" into a controller located in the external disk subsystem. The whole subsystem is connected to the host via a normal SCSI controller and appears to the host as a single disk.RAID controllers also come in the form of cards that act like a SCSI controller to the operating system but handle all of the actual drive communications themselves. In these cases, you plug the drives into the RAID controller just like you would a SCSI controller, but then you add them to the RAID controller's configuration, and the operating system never knows the difference.Brief introduction about Software RAIDSoftware RAID implements the various RAID levels in the kernel disk (block device) code. It offers the cheapest possible solution, as expensive disk controller cards or hot-swap chassis are not required. Software RAID also works with cheaper IDE disks as well as SCSI disks. With today's fast CPUs, Software RAID performance can excel against Hardware RAID.Difference between hardware raid and software raidObviously, hardware RAID is pricier compared to software RAID, due to the extra hardware that you need to purchase. The hardware is typically expensive, and adds a substantial amount to the cost of the whole system.On the flip side, the cheap software RAID can impair the host computer, which may result in poor performance. This is because it needs to process the data before it is written to disk, to determine where each piece of data should go.The controller in a hardware RAID handles these operations, so that the host processor does not have to. The host processor will simply write the data, just like in a normal hard drive.Tips: The performance hit taken by the system can vary a lot, depending on what type of RAID array you have in use. It could be very minimal, as with the case of a JBOD array. Or it can be quite substantial, especially with stripping and mirroring on multiple disks.Hardware RAID offers better reliability compared to software RAID. A software RAID can be prone to data corruption, due to the fault of the RAID software or driver that is being used. A software RAID can also be affected if the host computer is heavily loaded. Heavy processing can cause some pieces of data to be delayed by a small amount of time. These delays can add up, and negate the benefits of the RAID array to some degree.


What is the purpose of hot plate in science?

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What is SATA raid?

RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks (originally Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks). It is a technology that provides increased storage functions and reliability through redundancy. There are several different types of RAID -RAID 0 just spreads a file between different disks. This speeds up data storage and retrieval. Of all the types of RAID, this one alone does not provide increased reliability because there is no redundancy. It can, however, be combined with other RAID types to get the protection.RAID 1 writes the same data to 2 disks so if one disk fails you still have a backup on the other disk.RAID 2 (bit-level striping with dedicated Hamming-code parity) has all disk spindle rotation synchronized, and data is striped such that each sequential bit is on a different disk. Hamming-code parity is calculated across corresponding bits on disks and stored on at least one parity disk. If one disk fails, the original data can be reconstructed from the rest of the disks as long as the Hamming-code parity is still available.RAID 3 is much like RAID 2 except that it is sequential BYTES that are stored on different disks with parity calculated and stored separatelyRAID 4 and RAID 5 are the same except that RAID 4 stores all parity data on a single drive while RAID 5 spreads it out among the drives. They distribute the data between drives and require all drives but one to be present to operate; the array is not destroyed by a single drive failure. Upon drive failure, any subsequent reads can be calculated from the distributed parity such that the drive failure is masked from the end user. A single drive failure still results in reduced performance of the entire array until the failed drive has been replaced and the associated data rebuilt.RAID 6 is like RAID 5 except that it uses doubledistributed parity so that the system can continue to function while the data is rebuilt even if a second drive fails during the rebuild process.Different types of RAID's can be combined for additional protection; for example in RAID 1+0: (a.k.a. RAID 10) mirrored sets in a striped set (minimum four disks; even number of disks) provides fault tolerance and improved performance but increases complexity. The array can sustain multiple drive losses so long as no mirror loses all its drives.Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the older ATA (AT Attachment) standard (also known as EIDE), offering several advantages over the older parallel ATA (PATA) interface: reduced cable-bulk and cost (7 conductors versus 40), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.SATA RAID is thus RAID implemented using SATA. Since SATA supports hot swapping and most types of RAID allow operations to continue even with the loss of a single drive, failed drives in a SATA RAID can be hot swapped without shutting down the system.


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