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None - any dosage has risks

Theoretically, one single molecule of a carcinogen can cause a cell to mutate and that to spread to other cells to cause cancer. (Oxygen is also a powerful mutagen!) However, this is multi-stage process, which is dependent on several other factors and the cells have defence mechanisms to combat this. Radiation is believed to somehow interfere in the chain of events.

In theory, there is no safe dose but then it goes down to probability theory. The human body itself produces several 'known human carcinogens' endogenously - ethanol, estrogen and testosterone, to name three. Sunlight is radiation (and moonlight is reflected sunlight!).

It's like saying there's no safe dose of lightning - but only if it strikes you and you're standing barefoot on a metal grill and you've got a weak heart. (There are around 100 lightning strikes per second globally!)

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Q: What is the safe radiation dose for human beings?
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