Multiple questions in a single question. Please split into single questions.
You might think of a pulsar as very vaguely similar to a lighthouse. A pulsar is a small, rapidly spinning neutron star; flashing at a rate of 4 to 6 flashes per second, they are so precisely regular that when radio astronomers first discovered them, the astronomers couldn't imagine a natural explanation and named them "LGM signals" - for "little green men". They might be, the suggestion went, some form of interstellar navigational beacon.
Evidence suggests that all Neutron stars are pulsars or were once pulsars. In theoretical physics; the existence of objects like quark stars, preon stars, or electroweak stars is called into question. These are usually used to explain radio quiet neutron stars; however, far more likely these objects simply do not pulse at any rate in our relative direction.
Stars generally spin, because the material that fell into the center of the solar nebula wasn't perfectly aimed toward the center. As they collapsed, the nebula started spinning, conserving the angular momentum. When things shrink, in order for the total angular momentum to be maintained, they need to spin more quickly. Our Sun is relatively typical, we believe, and spins once in about 26 days. If the Sun were to collapse into a neutron star (which it can't, because it isn't massive enough) it would need to spin about 5 times PER SECOND to have the same angular momentum. For most neutron stars, that's about how fast they spin. If material falls to the surface of the neutron star, it will produce pulses of x-rays at that rate; we call this a "pulsar". You could call it a "flashing neutron star", and be mostly correct.
They rotate with an amazingly stable rotation rate.
The rate of a chemical reaction increase when the concentration of the reactants increase.
How the masses of elementary particles are expressed depends on who you are, or at least on what you do. The obvious way to do it is in straightforward SI units, i.e. in Kg. In these units the proton mass is 1.6726 X 10-27 Kg and the neutron mass is 1.6749 X 10-27 Kg. The people most concerned with particle masses are particle physicists. Einstein's famous equation e = mc2 shows the exchange rate between mass and energy. To most people this is fascinating, but hardly a daily concern. To a scientist working with elementary particles, the interchange between mass and energy is a daily occurrence. To avoid continual finicky calculations, many physicists express particle masses in terms of their energy equivalent. The energy unit used is the electron-Volt, or eV. This is the kinetic energy of an electron which has been accelerated by a potential difference of 1 Volt. The eV is rather small, so most masses are given in MeV or million electron-Volt. The mass of a proton is 938.272 MeV and of a neutron is 939.566 MeV.
Yes. But not if there is a difference in air resistence.
A bit rate is a transmission rate of binary symbols equal to the total number of bits transmitted in one second sent or received across a network or communications channel.
Yes, by introducing a neutron absorber such as boron. In a nuclear reactor this is done by inserting the control rods
Because gravity pulls the masses down at the same rate.
Pulsars rotate like most stars. Pulsars also emit beams of energy which, if they cross our path are perceived as pulses of energy with a regular rate (ticks, beeps, etc). This is called the lighthouse effect. Picture a lighthouse -- the lighthouse itself is the pulsar, and the beam of light is like the pulsar's beam.
There are two types of "pulsating" stars. 1. Pulsar 2. Quasar A pulsar is actually a neutron star that is rotating at a fast rate and is releasing a jet of X-rays. So, to a special telescope, it appears to be pulsating A quasar is similar to a pulsar, except for being a neutron star, it is a black hole.