placement of objects
You can see in a satellite picture that the areas look like a huge basket, hundreds of miles across.
The filming technique that involves increasing or reducing the intensity of a picture is called exposure adjustment. This involves adjusting the amount of light entering the camera to either brighten or darken the image. Exposure adjustment can be done manually by changing settings such as aperture, shutter speed, and ISO on the camera.
The art technique you are referring to is called "foreshortening." It involves depicting an object or figure in a picture in depth by making closer objects appear larger and distant objects smaller to create the illusion of depth and perspective.
That technique is called sonar.
Is called a glyph.
picture graph
The famous technique where you swing you arms in windmill like motion is called the windmill.
A caption.
Its called a picture within a picture The term is inset. A picture that has a smaller copy of itself within the picture, with the copy having an even smaller copy, that continues to (theoretically) infinity, is called a Droste Effect or recursive picture.
It is called an Avi (avatar) or DP (display picture.)
The area in the background of a picture is called the background or backdrop.