down regulation
Adrenal medulla are intended for much quicker response.It is an extension of the central nervous system. The cells are modified sympathetic ganglia.Acetylcholine from sympathetic neurons causes the release of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine
The adrenal medullas secrete hormones. It stressful situations, it release epinephrine and norepinephrine which increases heart rate, breathing rate, etc.Adrenal medulla produces the hormone adrenaline. It is released in response to stress.
The central portion of the adrenal gland is the adrenal medulla and it is the site of synthesis and release of the epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) hormones. It's under the control of the sympathetic nervous system and basically functions like a sympathetic ganglion.
Epinephrine and norepineprhine
Stress, whether physical or mental, causes release of several hormonal mediators. The most rapidly released is adrenaline, or epinephrine, from the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is also released from the adrenal cortex, causing tissues to be more responsive to the epinephrine and increasing glucose availability for the flight or fight response.
Sympathetic stimulation of the chromaffmin cells of the adrenal medulla stimulates the release of their catecholamines. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
The adrenal medulla has many similarities with post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons, they release catecholamine because medullary cells are derived from the neural crest and, as such, are simply modified neurons. The adrenal gland releases epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine in response to neural not hormonal signals just like postganglionic neurons. The most significant different between adrenal medulla cells and true postganglionic sympathetic neurons is the absence of axons. The neurotrasmitter has become a hormone and is released into the blood.
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by the splanchnic nerve and secrete adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), a little dopamine, enkephalin and enkephalin-containing peptides, and a few other hormones into the blood stream.
Epinephrine, adrenaline, and cortisol are hormones that have all been linked to the "flight or fight" response.
Increase heart rate
There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney, and they both have regions that release different hormones. The adrenal cortex, which is the bigger region, releases three different hormones: mineralocorticoids (affect mineral homeostasis), glucocorticoids (affect glucose homeostasis), and androgens (male sex hormones. The other region, the adrenal medulla, produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which set the fight or flight response into motion and help the body resist stress.
Adrenal cortex release them.Adrenaline and nor-Adrenaline released by Adreanal medulla.