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After the Great Schism, the Byzantine church became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. The west branch was known as the Roman Catholic Church.
The most important Church of the Middle Ages was the Catholic Church. When it split in 1054, it became the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East. There were always other Churches. The Celtic Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches were very early and all predated the Middle Ages. The Celtic Christian Church was absorbed by the Catholic Church, but the others continue. There were also heterodox organizations outside orthodox Christianity, and some of these were declared heretical, in some cases resulting in military operations.
Bibles were copied by a variety of monastic organizations that were especially set up for the purpose, but there was no one group that did this. There was not even one Church that did it. The Book of Kells was a product of a Celtic Orthodox Church that was only loosely affiliated with the Roman Church, and there were other Churches, notably the Oriental Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches, which did copied their own Bibles. After the Great Schism of 1054, the Eastern Orthodox Church maintained bible production in Greek and the Roman Catholic Church did it in Latin.
Eastern Orthodoxy is just as old as Catholicism. Before 1054 there was simply the Church. No separate denominations or anything. Afterwards, the Catholic and Orthodox churches were formed and later differences in tradition and theology arose. For example, the Catholic Pope is infallible, the Orthodox use a different calendar to calculate Easter, and the Orthodox still use tradition Byzantine style when painting their icons. There are many differences and yet both churches hope to reunite someday to restore the Christian faith to it's once universal state.
The fourth crusade, was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church. It lasted for about 2 years.
the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church
schism.....
The split between the Eastern Orthodox and the western Catholic Churches was caused by a number of different factors. Namely, neither side could decide on the Pope's role in the church, or the scope of his authority.
No, the Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic church. The Ecumenical Patriarch is the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
the Eastern Orthodox Church
The Orthodox Churches and the Catholic Church were once united. The Orthodox Churches separated from the Catholic Church over political and doctrinal differences.
There are Eastern or Byzantine Rite Catholics but they are in full union with Rome as opposed to the Eastern Orthodox Churches which are not. There was a brief period in the 20th century, when a separate Orthodox Church broke away from the Eastern Orthodox Church in America and formed the America Orthodox Catholic Church. But it was yet another splinter of an already splintered Church. orthodox (small "O") means right belief, and thus is synonymous with Catholic. Now, there is also an Orthodox Catholic Church of America, also not in Communion with the Catholic Church. . You may read about the American Orthodox Catholic Church at the links below.
Roman Catholic AnswerThe Catholic Church is sometimes known as the Western Church to distinguish it from the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The catholic church is sometimes considered the collection of churches that developed out of the Great Schism (namely, the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church). Although I have never heard someone use the term "catholic orthodox church," I would consider it to be referring to the Eastern Orthodox Christian religion.
Your question is too general. There are many things that were not a cause of tension between these belief systems. The colour of my dog for instance
The Great Schism was between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (or Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox).
Anyone other than Eastern Orthodox eg Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant