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What mineral is regulated by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone?
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∙ 11y ago
calcium
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∙ 11y ago
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What hormone increase bone density?
Calcium is the most important mineral for increasing bone density. It can be found in green vegetables, dairy milk, and supplements from either a drugstore or a pharmacist. Other helpful minerals are boron, phosphorous, copper, magnesium, potassium, manganese, and zinc.
What hormone controls levels of calcium in blood and helps maintain balance of phosphorus?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), released by the parathyroid gland; and calcitonin, released by the thyroid gland, control the levels of phosphorus in the body. Most of the phosphorus in the body is stored in the form of phosphate (PO4) attached to calcium in the skeletal systems to form calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]. When PTH is released, excess phosphate is released into the urine and calcium is released from the skeletal system into the bloodstream. The calcitonin plays its part by helping form calcium phosphate molecules, where they become part of a mineral matrix in the bone. Because of the relationship between PTH and calcitonin, calcium and phosphate maintain proportionally inverse levels in the blood.
Does calcitonin regulate mineral levels?
Yes
Does the skeleton store calcium and phosphorus in the bones and then release them into the blood?
Only if the bone is being broken down by cells known as osteoclasts. It is not a good sign if high levels of calcium and phosphate are being released into the blood normally as it shows bone is being broken down. However, through the action of the parathyroid hormone, the bones balance the levels of these mineral salts in the blood via this process. Yes. Calcium is one of the major minerals in the skeletal system. Certain parts of your muscle cells called sarcoplasmic reticulum also store calcium for the muscle to use. Calcium is either stored or released from bone in response to hormone messengers, particularly calcitonin & parathyroid hormone.
The hormone calcitonin functions to?
Calcitonin slows the release of calcium from bones into bloodstream, thereby keeping blood levels of calcium to a minimum. Parathyroid hormone does the opposite. It maintains calcium levels in the blood, or helps reabsorption of calcium from bones into bloodstream.
Hyperparathyroidism?
DefinitionHyperparathyroidism is excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands.See also:Primary hyperparathyroidismSecondary hyperparathyroidismCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThe parathyroid glands are located in the neck, near or attached to the back side of the thyroid gland. They produce parathyroid hormone, which controls calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels within the blood and bone.When calcium levels are too low, the body responds by increasing production of parathyroid hormone. This increase in parathyroid hormone causes more calcium to be taken from the bone and more calcium to be reabsorbed by the intestines and kidney. When the calcium level returns to normal, parathyroid hormone production slows down.There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism.Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands. This leads to too much parathyroid hormone, which raises the level of calcium in the blood. The term "hyperparathyroidism" generally refers to primary hyperparathyroidism.Secondary hyperparathyroidism is when the body produces extra parathyroid hormone because the calcium levels are too low. This is seen when vitamin D levels are low or when calcium is not absorbed from the intestines. Correcting the calcium level and the underlying problem will bring the parathyroid levels in the normal range.If the parathyroid glands continue to produce too much parathyroid hormone even though the calcium level is back to normal, the condition is called "tertiary hyperthyroidism." It occurs especially in patients with kidney problems.SymptomsBack painBlurred vision(because of cataracts)Bone pain or tendernessDecreased heightDepressionFatigueFractures of long bonesIncreased urine outputIncreased thirstItchy skinJoint painLoss of appetiteNauseaMuscle weakness and painPersonality changesStupor and possibly comaUpper abdominal painSigns and testsBlood tests will be done to check for increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and alkaline phosphatase, and lower levels of phosphorus. A 24-hour urine collection test can help determine how much calcium is being removed from the body.Bone x-rays and bone mineral density test can help detect bone loss, fractures, or bone softening.X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scans of the kidneys or urinary tract may show calcium deposits or a blockage.TreatmentTreatment depends upon the severity and cause of the condition. If you have mildly increased calcium levels due to primary hyperparathyroidism and no symptoms, you may just need regular check ups with your doctor.If symptoms are present or your calcium level is very high, surgery may be needed to remove the parathyroid gland that is overproducing the hormone.Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism depends on the underlying cause.For specific treatment information see:Primary hyperparathyroidismSecondardy hyperparathyroidismExpectations (prognosis)The outlook depends on the specific type of hyperparathyroidism.ComplicationsComplications may include:Increased risk of fracturesUrinary tract infection due to kidney stones and blockagePeptic ulcer diseasePancreatitisPseudogoutSurgery for hyperparathyroidism may lead to low blood calcium levels, which causes tingling and muscle twitching. This requires immediate treatment.Calling your health care providerCall for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of hyperparathyroidism.PreventionGetting the proper amount of calcium in your diet or through supplements may reduce your risk of secondary hyperparathyroidism.ReferencesWysolmerski JJ. Insogna KL. The Parathyroid Glands, Hypercalcemia, and Hypocalcemia. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008: chap. 266.Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Kronenberg HM. Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008: chap. 27.
Primary hyperparathyroidism?
DefinitionPrimary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH).See also:HyperparathyroidismSecondary hyperparathyroidismAlternative NamesParathyroid-related hypercalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism - primaryCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThe parathyroid glands are located in the neck, near or attached to the back side of the thyroid gland. They produce parathyroid hormone, which controls calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels within the blood and bone.When calcium levels are too low, the body responds by increasing production of parathyroid hormone. This increase in parathyroid hormone causes more calcium to be taken from the bone and more calcium to be reabsorbed by the intestines and kidney. When the calcium level returns to normal, parathyroid hormone production slows down.Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by swelling of one or more of the parathyroid glands. This leads to the release of too much parathyroid hormone, which raises the level of calcium in the blood. The term "hyperparathyroidism" generally refers to primary hyperparathyroidism.Rarely, the disease is caused by parathyroid cancer.The disease is most common in people over 60, but can also be seen in younger adults. Hyperparathyroidism in childhood is very unusual.Women are more likely to be affected than men. Radiation to the head and neck increases your risk.SymptomsDecreased heightDepressionFatigueFracturesIncreased urinationKidney stonesLoss of appetiteMuscle weakness and painNauseaPersonality changesUpper abdominal painStupor and possibly comaSigns and testsBlood tests will be done to check for increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and alkaline phosphatase, and lower levels of phosphorus.Bone x-rays and a bone mineral density test can help detect bone loss, fractures, or bone softening.X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scans of the kidneys or urinary tract may show calcium deposits or a blockage.TreatmentTreatment depends upon the severity and cause of the condition.If you have mildly increased calcium levels due to primary hyperparathyroidism and no symptoms, you may just need regular check ups with your doctor.However, you need treatment if:Your kidneys do not work correctlyYou have calcium loss from your bonesKidney stones developIf treatment is needed, it may include:Drinking more fluids to prevent the formation of kidney stonesMovement and exerciseAvoiding thiazide-type diuretics ("water pills")Using estrogen therapy (for postmenopausal women)If symptoms are present or your calcium level is very high, surgery may be needed to remove the parathyroid gland that is overproducing the hormone. Surgery is also recommended for patients less than 50 years of age.Treatment for severe symptoms may also include:Fluids given through a vein (IV)Medications such as bisphosphonates and calcitonin, which bring down calcium levels quicklyExpectations (prognosis)The outlook is good for those with mild symptoms. Most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism are mild.ComplicationsComplications may include:Bone damageIncreased risk of fracturesPancreatitisPseudogoutUrinary tract infection due to kidney stones and blockageCalling your health care providerCall for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of hyperparathyroidism.ReferencesWysolmerski JJ. Insogna KL. The Parathyroid Glands, Hypercalcemia, and Hypocalcemia. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008: chap. 266.Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Kronenberg HM. Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008: chap. 27.AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.
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