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an OS
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Yes, I think that Linux is safer. You should use Ubuntu for gaming/programming and Kali Linux for hacking/penetration testing.
Yes, although to use multi-programming effectively your hardware needs to have multiple CPUs.
For programming only in ASM is too hard and the OS is in fact at some places that can be programmed by C linked to ASM.
Of course it is. But you should really use a how-to-guide to do it if you haven't done it before. Also, you should take in consideration that there are Beta OS and Official OS. I recommend that you use Official OS. Use search engines to find the guide on how to do it.
I would have to say either a Windows OS or a Linux OS because from the extent of my knowledge, a software engineer creates software based programs in a variety of languages and they need to be supported which can be easily done in either of the 2 OS's My best bet would be Linux because Linux is a lot more stable (less crashes then Windows), and the user interface on a Linux is similar to a Windows OS, so you will still know what you are doing and how to navigate around. The operating system you use should be the same one you are programming for. And since you can find work programming for any of the major platforms, you should be safe by sticking to the one you are most used to using.
Mac OS X is written in the programming languages C and Objective C.
C programming language
If your application or environment warrants it, sure..
So far no AI complex enough to write an OS was developed. All OS's used these days were written by humans.
No. Java (a programming language), is not a prerequisite for learning how to use any mainstream operating system (such as Windows, Mac OS, or Linux).