Mars
If you were starting from Earth - Mars and Jupiter.
On the way to Uranus from Earth, you would pass by other gas giant planets in our solar system such as Jupiter and Saturn. These planets are closer to the Sun than Uranus, which is located further out in the solar system.
well, jupiter's surface is gas, not solid, so you'd pass through it(you'd get crushed anyway...).
You would only pass Venus, since the solar system begins with the sun, and ends with Pluto. The full sequence is the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
planets don't pass the sun, they orbit the sun. If you are asking from the vantage point of earth, then all planets outside the orbit of earth's will not appear to pass the sun. These are Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus.
More massive planets have more gravitational pull. If a satellite were to pass by Earth and Jupiter at the same distance from each planet, the satellite would be more attracted to start orbiting Jupiter because of its pull. The more massive a planet is the more likely it is to get a satellite to orbit it.
Mars.
There aren't any known planets between Mars and Earth.
The planets that are further from the Sun than Earth is, can never be in inferior conjunction with Earth. So they would be Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto and Ceres, are dwarf planets, but can't be in inferior conjunction with us either. Only Venus and Mercury can be.
From Earth:MarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptune (However, because of the orbit of Pluto, you could encounter Pluto before Neptune)
I think there are about 75 constellations that Jupiter does NOT pass through.