Mars
On the way to Uranus from Earth, you would pass by other gas giant planets in our solar system such as Jupiter and Saturn. These planets are closer to the Sun than Uranus, which is located further out in the solar system.
You will not pass any planets on the way from Venus to Earth because both planets are right next to each other, except if you count Venus and Earth as passing from one to the other.
If you were starting from Earth - Mars and Jupiter.
Assuming that you could do so, the only two planets closer to the sun than earth are Venus and Mercury. You would not necessarily come to these planets, that would depend on their position in their respective orbits. You would pass the orbit of Venus before you passed the orbit of Mercury.
Actually, this would be the other way around. As the planets rotate around the sun, they will pass through the 12 "sun signs" on their transit. Mercury takes approximately 88 earth days to orbit the sun; therefore, it will spend approximately 7.3 days in each sign.
Mercury and Venus are the only planets that can transit the Sun, from where I am.
There aren't any known planets between Mars and Earth.
The planets that are further from the Sun than Earth is, can never be in inferior conjunction with Earth. So they would be Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto and Ceres, are dwarf planets, but can't be in inferior conjunction with us either. Only Venus and Mercury can be.
Mercury and Venus are the only other planets in our solar system that can have a transit of the sun when they pass between the sun and the Earth, appearing as small dark spots moving across the sun's disk.
From Earth:MarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptune (However, because of the orbit of Pluto, you could encounter Pluto before Neptune)
When standing on Earth, the planets that cannot pass between us and the Sun are Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. This is because they are located outside Earth's orbit, making them outer planets. Only the inner planets—Mercury and Venus—can transit between Earth and the Sun.