Permanent hardness in water is hardness due to the presence of the chlorides, nitrates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium, which will not be precipitated by boiling.
Chlorine, like any other chemical substance, has no hardness unless it is in its solid state. Even then, a temperature would have to be specified for a meaningful answer.
Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium hydrogentrioxocarbonate(IV) which decompose on heating.when this water is heated calcium trioxocarbonate(iv) is form as insoluble and this brings the ca+ out of the solution as precipitate.once the ca+ re out of the solution soap can now lather well.
You can review the site below, to read the ranking of the hardest minerals. Other contributors can add other details to give you additional scientific scales of hardness.
Minerologists identify mineral harness with a variety of tools. In order of hardness, they gnerally use their fingernails, nails, copper pennies, knife blades, glass, porcelain and other minerals such as quartz, topaz, corundum and diamond. The Moh's Hardness Scale gives a list of minerals in order of hardness with talc being the softest with a rating of "1" and diamond the hardest at a "10".
No other gemstone has the hardness of a diamond.
The Mohs hardness of sodium chloride is 2,5. The Mohs hardness is established by comparison with other minerals, having a known hardness.
A physical change is reversible and does not affect the composition of a substance. On the other hand, chemical change is irreversible and permanent. A substance undergoing a chemical change forms a new substance which has different composition than the original substance.
A Diamond is harder than any other natural or artificial substance known, it is ideal for both GEM and industrial purposes. supplement. Diamond is 10 on the Mohs scale of hardness. No other substance is harder, but not all diamonds are equally hard. Some exceptionally (well relatively) hard diamonds come from New South Wales in Australia.
Two methods:- comparison with other materials with known hardness- using a special instrument to measure hardness
The resistance of a mineral to being scratched is known as its 'hardness'. This is a relative measurement determined by whether it scratches, or is scratched by, other materials of determined hardness. Hardness is measured on the Mohs scale. To give to some idea, diamond (the hardest known mineral) is a 10, while talc (the softest) is 1. A copper coin is around 3, a fingernail is around 2, an iron nail is around 5. Quartz, for example, is a 7.
Hardness
Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the human body because it was evolved or chosen based on what it has to do. Humans (and a lot of other animals) require it to cover teeth through a whole lifetime of biting and/or chewing food.