You don't need a telescope to see Jupiter; it's right there in the evening sky. It's the fourth-brightest thing in the sky, after the Sun, Moon and Venus. Right now, it's brighter than any star.
Even a fairly small telescope will show you the 4 Galilean moons, and give you a hint of the colored bands around the planet.
Galileo did it with about 30 power, but you can do it with less. A good pair of 10x50 binoculars will do if the conditions are good. A drugstore 50x Tasco can do it easily.
Mainly, it has to have a large main lens, or main mirror.
Though Galileo did not invent the telescope, he improved it greatly, and he used his new and improved telescope to discover and document a number of astronomical phenomenon. His work opened the door to astronomy wide, and we are fortunate he and others stepped through. An example of the power of his improved instrument was his discovery of the four most massive moons of Jupiter, and they are called the Galilean Moons in his honor.
Magnifying Power
No, you can change the magnification of the telescope by simply changing the eyepiece. The two most important powers of the telescope, light-gathering power and resolving power, depend on the diameter of the telescope, but it does not control the magnification.
Try a 50X or 100X power telescope.
Mainly, it has to have a large main lens, or main mirror.
A Reflecting telescope has a lot of zooming technologies and the High Power telescope is highly powered.
The light gathering power of a telescope is directly proportional to the area of the objective lens of the telescope.
Though Galileo did not invent the telescope, he improved it greatly, and he used his new and improved telescope to discover and document a number of astronomical phenomenon. His work opened the door to astronomy wide, and we are fortunate he and others stepped through. An example of the power of his improved instrument was his discovery of the four most massive moons of Jupiter, and they are called the Galilean Moons in his honor.
Magnifying Power
All the planets, depending on the power of the telescope.
Gailileo made a telescope having about 20 power magnification, powerful enough to observe the mountains and valleys on Earth's Moon and the four largest moons of Jupiter. He did not invent the telescope, but improved the simple telescope invented by Dutch optician Hans Lippershey in 1608 by using the principles developed by Roger Bacon of England during the 13th century.
No, you can change the magnification of the telescope by simply changing the eyepiece. The two most important powers of the telescope, light-gathering power and resolving power, depend on the diameter of the telescope, but it does not control the magnification.
which power of a telescope might be expressed as "0.5 seconds of arc"?
That will depend on your telescope power.
Try a 50X or 100X power telescope.
Yes, light gathering power is proportional to the area of the objective. The more light a telescope can gather, the better the telescope will be able to allow the user to see.