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Abraham's covenant with God led his followers to practice monotheism
If it's in the Torah, it's basic to Judaism.
It is called a kehillah, or (a bit less accurately) a tzibbur.
Other than vaguely encouraging spirituality, mindfulness, and ethical behavior, there are really no similarities in either behavior, belief, or long term impact between Judaism on the one hand and the Vedic Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, etc.) on the other hand.
Kosher
I would be more accurate hearing it chracterized as an offshoot, a schism, or a breakaway, rather than an evolution. 'Evolution' implies a refinement, an improvement, or survival of a selected strain, none of which accurately describes this case except in the opinion of a few.
Depends how "early." Before Moses, the religion that would later be called Judaism was based on the teachings of Abraham. From the time of Moses, the Hebrew (Israelite) religion is the Torah itself, its beliefs and laws. See the following link.What_did_abraham_and_moses_do_together
The statement: That which is hateful to you, do not do to others.
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it added theological debates.
Numbers ch. 12: Moses is the only person who spoke to God "face to face"; making his prophecy the most direct and clear of all the prophets.
the exodus