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What T-cell causes the B-cell lymphocyte to multiply in response to an infection?
Activated helper T cell will multiply and become either TH1 or TH2. TH2 is the one that activates the B cell population
What cell is the most critical cell in immunity?
helper T cell
What activates the B and T cells?
Naive T cells are activated by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells). This begins when an antigen (eg. bacterial protein) is taken up/detected by a dendritic cell. In order for the T cell to become activated, it requires 3 different signals:1. MHC (Major Histocompatibilty Complex) presenting foreign antigen to a T cell receptor -> creates specificity so that the T cell relates to this antigen2. B7 (on dendritic cell) binds to CD28 (on T cell) - this is known as the co-stimulatory signal. This is basically how the T cell knows that it is interacting with a "professional" antigen presenting cell. Without this signal, the T cell will not be activated by the MHC/antigen signal.3. Cytokines - these are signalling molecules released by the dendritic cells and stimulate T cell differentiation (tells the T cells what functions to undergo).
What are the 3types of t cells?
Cytotoxic CD8 T cell Helper (Th1) CD 4 T cell Helper (Th2) CD 4 T cell
What binds with and releases chemicals that activate B cell and T cell and and macrophages?
Helper T cell
A large white blood cell that can destroy substances such as cell debris dust pollen and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis?
All of them!
What T-cell causes the B-cell lymphocyte to multiply in response to an infection?
Activated helper T cell will multiply and become either TH1 or TH2. TH2 is the one that activates the B cell population
What kind of cell can engulf bacteria or make antibodies?
Inside the human body, a particular type of white blood cell called a macrophage will engulf and digest bacteria.
A white blood cell necessary for B cells to develop normal levels of antibodies?
Well firstly an antigen presenting cell like dendritic cell or macrophage is needed. Secondly you also need a T cell that is complementary to the B cell. B cell will only become plasma cell when it receives the full signal 1. Stimuli: CD4 from T cell interacting with BcR/antigen complex on B cell 2. Co-stimuli: CD40L (CD154) on T cell interacting with CD40 on B cell This interaction allows T cell to secrete IL4, this binds to IL4R on B cell thus receive signal for proliferating and differentiating.
How do the receptor molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes able to recognize different peptides on the surface of the macrophage?
atoms
What is the function of CD4?
CD4 is a surface receptor expressed by helper T lymphocytes, known as CD4+ T cells. Its purpose is to stablize the interaction between the T cell receptor (on the T cell) and an antigen-bearing MHC Class II molecule (on an antigen presenting cell). Under the right circumstances, this interaction activates CD4+ T cells that recognize an invading pathogen. Activated CD4+ T cells do many things, and are required for a robust adaptive immune response.
Why does a macrophage place antigens on its surface?
When a macrophage engulfs a foreign antigen, it phagocytizes it (or breaks it down) using enzymes. The fragments (called epitopes) of the original antigen are transported to the cell surface so that helper T-cells that specifically match the antigen can recognize it. When that happens, the helper-T cells are able to trigger a specific immune response to that exact antigen by stimulating more helper-T cells to be produced and by triggering B-cells to secrete antigen-specific antibodies that mark infected cells for destruction by killer T-cells.
What healing properties has Chinese herbalism demonstrated in medical research?
T-cell and macrophage activity and interferon production was increased in patients using the Chinese herbs ganoderma, lentinus, and polyporous, helping the body fight cancer cells.
Is there a Chinese herb to help fight cancer?
Research also showed that T-cell and macrophage activity and interferon production were increased in patients using the Chinese herbs ganoderma , lentinus, and polyporus, helping the body fight cancer cells
What are macrophages specialized for?
macrophages can be considered one of the many "defenses" that work to help protect our immune system. they do have a special role. they engage in phagocytosis which is the process in which a macrophage engulfs cellular debris or dead cellular material and pathogens. the material goes into the internal part of the macrophage (vacuole) it then travel to the lysosomes where the waste is broken down and it then the reduced material is released extracellularly or intracellulary. in the case of a pathogen a macrophage will present an antigen for the particular pathogen in order for the immune system to identify it. each antigen has a specific helper T cell for each pathogen.
What is centride?
It is a T shaped structure with spindle fibers attached to it. The spindle fibers reach out to grab chromosomes during the cell cycle.
How does hiv take over and reproduce in t cells?
The HIV viral cell attaches itself to a T-cell in a lock and key fashion. It specifically targets these cells. Once it attaches itself, it begins the process of entering the cell until it reaches the nucleus of the T-cell. There is goes about converting the genetic structure of the T-cell until eventually, a new HIV cells is produced. In most cases, the T-cell dies in the process. This process is produced millions of times over. This is why it is said that the HIV virus destroys the immune system.
