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Without knowing jurisdiction its hard to give specifics, but legislative committees (well, committees generally) are a bunch of people who, with the authority of the legislature are tasked with looking in depth at an issue, be it a piece of legislation or some such. A standing committee is a committee that always exists, who is usually tasked with looking at a whole area (Ie. Health, defence etc), a select committee is a temporary committee created too look at something specific, usually a bill, then report back to the legislature at which point it ceases to exist.
Committee chairmen are chosen based on seniority, expertise, and party affiliation in the U.S. Congress. In general, the majority party in Congress selects committee chairmen, usually based on recommendations from party leaders. Chairmanships can also be influenced by internal committee rules and traditions.
Generally, yes..... but it will depend on the rules / standing orders of the particular committee or organisation.
IRS
Yes in general, committee chairmen are selected from members of the majority party.
are generally loosely tied to the national committee.
Depending on your countries legislation but generally yes it is
Generally the terms 'authority' and 'power' are used interchangeably.
supported increasing the authority of the national government
The purpose of committees is generally planning and decision making.
Generally, no they cannot, but local legislation may apply.
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