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Addresses, Numbers, Characters, Logical Data (source: Computer Organization and Architecture, William Stallings)

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Q: What types of operands are typical in machine instruction sets?
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How many type of instructions does the 32-bit Intel 8086 have?

The Intel 8086/8088 is not a 32 bit machine. It is a 16 bit machine. It has 72 instruction types.


How an assembler converts assembly mnemonics to machine language?

Each mnemonic maps directly to a machine instruction code, known as an opcode. Some mnemonics map to more than one opcode, however the instruction's operand types will determine which specific opcode will be generated.


What types of locations can hold source and destination operands?

Source and result operands can be in one of four areas:• Main or virtual memory: As with next instruction references, the main or virtual memory address must be supplied.• Processor register:With rare exceptions, a processor contains one or more registers that may be referenced by machine instructions. If only one register exists,reference to it may be implicit. If more than one register exists, then each register is assigned a unique name or number, and the instruction must contain the number of the desired register.• Immediate: The value of the operand is contained in a field in the instructionbeing executed.• I/O device: The instruction must specify the I/O module and device for the operation.If memory-mapped I/O is used, this is just another main or virtualmemory address.


What are the types of operands and operation?

bytes integers long integers short integers word double word strings


Different types of instruction set architecture?

RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer CISC - Comples Instruction Set Computer


What are the main types of MPUs?

The two major types of MPUs are CISCs (complex instruction set computing) and RISCs (reduced instruction set computing).


What are the release dates for Typical Types - 1929?

Typical Types - 1929 was released on: USA: June 1929


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Explain different parts of an instruction format?

Instruction FormatThe information encoded in an 80386 instruction includes a specification of the operation to be performed, the type of the operands to be manipulated, and the location of these operands. If an operand is located in memory, the instruction must also select, explicitly or implicitly, which of the currently addressable segments contains the operand.80386 instructions are composed of various elements and have various formats. The exact format of instructions is shown in Appendix B; the elements of instructions are described below. Of these instruction elements, only one, the opcode, is always present. The other elements may or may not be present, depending on the particular operation involved and on the location and type of the operands. The elements of an instruction, in order of occurrence are as follows:Prefixes -- one or more bytes preceding an instruction that modify the operation of the instruction. The following types of prefixes can be used by applications programs: Segment override -- explicitly specifies which segment register an instruction should use, thereby overriding the default segment-register selection used by the 80386 for that instruction.Address size -- switches between 32-bit and 16-bit address generation.Operand size -- switches between 32-bit and 16-bit operands.Repeat -- used with a string instruction to cause the instruction to act on each element of the string.Opcode -- specifies the operation performed by the instruction. Some operations have several different opcodes, each specifying a different variant of the operation.Register specifier -- an instruction may specify one or two register operands. Register specifiers may occur either in the same byte as the opcode or in the same byte as the addressing-mode specifier.Addressing-mode specifier -- when present, specifies whether an operand is a register or memory location; if in memory, specifies whether a displacement, a base register, an index register, and scaling are to be used.SIB (scale, index, base) byte -- when the addressing-mode specifier indicates that an index register will be used to compute the address of an operand, an SIB byte is included in the instruction to encode the base register, the index register, and a scaling factor.Displacement -- when the addressing-mode specifier indicates that a displacement will be used to compute the address of an operand, the displacement is encoded in the instruction. A displacement is a signed integer of 32, 16, or eight bits. The eight-bit form is used in the common case when the displacement is sufficiently small. The processor extends an eight-bit displacement to 16 or 32 bits, taking into account the sign.Immediate operand -- when present, directly provides the value of an operand of the instruction. Immediate operands may be 8, 16, or 32 bits wide. In cases where an eight-bit immediate operand is combined in some way with a 16- or 32-bit operand, the processor automatically extends the size of the eight-bit operand, taking into account the sign.