During the last 64 years of the Roman Republic there were 12 civil wars. They all had a disastrous effect on the Republic and were part of the process which undermined it and eventually led to it downfall. The last 6 civil wars, from Caesar's Civil War on, were the wars which led to the disintegration of the Republic.
These civil wars were:
Social War ,or the War of the Allies, Italian War or the Marsic War (91-88 BC), fought between Rome and many of its Italian allies who rebelled. Rome won.
Sulla's first Civil War (88-87 BC), fought between the forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla's Gaius Marius. Sulla won.
Sertorian War (83-72 BC), Quintus Sertorius, a supporter of Gaius Marius and his legions in the provinces of Hispania rebelled against Sulla's regime. The forces of Sulla won.
Sulla's Second Civil War (82-81 BC), fought between Sulla and Marius. Sulla won.
Lepidus' Rebellion (77 BC). Lepidus rebelled against the Sullan regime.
Catiline Conspiracy (63-62 BC), fought between the Senate and the followers of Catiline. The Senate won.
Caesar's Civil War (49-45 BC), fought between Julius Caesar and the Optimates (a conservative political faction of senators) initially led by Pompey - Caesar won.
Post-Caesarian Civil War (44 BC), fought between the Senate's army (led by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius and seconded by Octavian) and the army of Mark Antony. The senate won, but Anthony regrouped and formed an alliance with Lepidus which then was joined by Octavian, creating the Second Triumvirate,
Liberators' Civil War (44-43 BC), fought between the Second Triumvirate and the forces of Liberators, the assassins of Caesar, led by Brutus and Cassius. The Triumvirate won.
Sicilian Revolt (44-36 BC), fought between Octavian and Agrippa and Sextus Pompey, the son of Pompey. Octavian and Agrippa won.
Perusine War (41-40 BC), fought between Octavian and Lucius Antonius and Fulvia (the younger brother and wife of Mark Antony) - Octavian won.
Final War of the Roman Republic (32-30 BC), Octavian and Agrippa fought against Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt - Octavian and Agrippa won
The civil wars all had weakening effects on the Roman Republic, but the final war between Octavian and Antony was the one that ended it.
The Roman Republic was just a city-state in Italy and not involved in the Persian War 499-449 BCE, which was between Persia and the Greek city-states of the eastern Mediterranean.
All of the civil wars had a disastrous effect on the Roman republic as there was a change in the aftermath of each war. For example, the war between Marius and Sulla brought about a change in the government as the authority reverted back to the patricians and patrician interests while the civil war between Caesar and Pompey saw this reversed to an extent. However the civil war between Antony and Octavian was the final nail in the republic's coffin. After Octavian's victory, the entire structure of Roman government changed, with a one man rule rather than a collective one.
All the civil wars as they ended in dictatorships with their various purges, but the final civil war between Octvian and Antony ended it.
The civil wars had a disastrous effect on the Roman republic because all of them resulted in a dictatorship when the republican form of government was suspended. Sulla resiged, but only after he purged the senate and reorganized the judicial system. Caesar grew too power hungry and the senate was willing to oblige him. Octavian won the last civil war of the republican era and did away with it altogether by consolidating power into one man.
Because it would have had the same disastrous effect on Northern farmers as it did on Southern ones, and would have hampered the war effort. It confirms that Lincoln was not passionately anti-slavery. Emancipation was a war measure, not principally a crusade.
There is one common way to prevent a disastrous war between two powerful nations. The most common way would be to find a settlement.
The term "disastrous" is being misused. Disastrous would be having one's city destroyed by a nuclear device, such as Hiroshima or Nagasaki in WW2. Or the German City of Dresden destroyed by massive waves of bombers dropping fire bombs on their city, killing thousands upon thousands of people. Those are examples of "Disastrous." The Soviets considered the Afghanistan War to be "their Vietnam" for the Soviet Union, and they withdrew. They lost approximately 10,000 Soviet Servicemen during the course of their nearly 9 years of fighting that war.
There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.There was no Roman emperor during the war with Carthage. At that time the Roman government was the republic.
mars was the roman war god
The US engaged in a nearly disastrous war against the British from 1812 to 1814. The US thought it would have the powerful French on its side but France lost major battles and the US faced the British alone.
After the Thirty Years Was, the Peace of Westphalia granted political independence to every prince in the HRE.