1st Answer:
Backward and isolated when compared with Chinese and Islamic societies.
2nd Answer:
European society of the 1400s was going through the Renaissance, which had begun in the 1300s. The Black Death was mostly over, and though it returned from time to time, it was never as widespread and damaging as it had been.
It was rather progressive in terms of trade and exploration compared with most of the Middle Ages. Europeans were beginning to explore the coasts of Africa and, at the end of this time, the Americas.
Printing was invented, and by the end of the 1400s, books were common enough that laborers and farm hands were reading them.
It was a time when the superstitions of witch hunts had not yet taken firm hold, and the suppression of science of the Renaissance had not yet really begun.
France and England finished the Hundred Years' War, in which one of the most remarkable things in history happened: an illiterate seventeen year old peasant girl took over the French army and reversed the tide of the war, just at the time the French were tottering on defeat.
The Wars of the Roses, in the second half of this period, ended with England's first renaissance King, Henry VII, taking the throne.
Spain was unified with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, and the fall of Grenada, becoming a major country for the first time since the early 8th century.
It was quite a remarkable time.
they controlled the salt and gold trade
Their desire to seek trade routes, especially for spices (Asia).
Portugal began to establish trading posts in Africa in the early 1400s.
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Portugal, I got this answer from the SOL test so this is correct.
on European coastlines until the 1400s.
The European Renaissance occurred from 14th-17th century.
Advances in European shipbuilding in the 1400s included the use of triangle-trade lateen sails. This helped to give the ships more speed.
Mali
oh yeah!
food and shelter
Navigation and exploration
portuguese
ponce de leon and jack sparrow
Spain
Spain, Portugal, and Italy
they controlled the salt and gold trade