Humans ared saved by their faith in God's grace, not by the good works they do.
justification by faith
Martin Luther taught that people are "justified" by faith and not works. The Roman Catholic Church taught salvations was not just through Jesus, but also through the Church. This ran counter to the teaching of Martin Luther who taught that faith was all that was needed.
Justification by faith
Robert Dixon has written: 'Canidia, or, The witches' 'The doctrine of faith, justification and assurance' -- subject(s): Doctrinal Theology, Faith, Justification (Christian theology), Theology, Doctrinal
He says in Galatians that he received it solely from Christ.
The most important doctrine for Luther was the doctrine of justification - God's act of declaring a sinner righteous. Luther came to realise that a person is justified /put right with God by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves. Righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ, imputed to Christians through faith.
Salvation by faith alone.
The Council of Trent affirmed that faith and good works are both necessary for salvation. This differed from the views of Luther and Calvin, who believed in justification by faith alone, without the need for good works. Luther and Calvin emphasized faith as the sole means of salvation, rejecting the idea that good works played a role in justification.
I suppose you could say that for just about all Paul's epistles, as they show us that 'The just shall live by faith'. The doctrine of justification by faith is complex if we allow it to be, but the Holy Ghost makes it simple and easy to be understood, no matter from which Scripture it comes.
Technically, Abraham started it. His willingness to sacrifice Isaac would be considered the first example of this doctrine. Paul expounds on it very much in the Book of Romans. Since Abraham was in Israel at the time, it was first started in Israel.
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was created in 1542.
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith