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What was the first programming language that used a virtual machine to permit portability of one compiled and linked image to run on many different incompatible computers?
EcclesJordanTrigger
Strictly speaking there has never been such a language. The compiled/linked code is actually an intermediate code known as p-code (portable code), but more commonly referred to as byte code. However, that byte code must subsequently be interpreted or compiled by a virtual machine in order to produce the machine-specific code (machine code). That is, the image cannot be run (executed) without first being interpreted/compiled for a specific machine.
The earliest example of this type of language is O-code (object code), which first appeared in 1966, and which allowed a BCPL compiler implementation to produce machine code from the O-code generated upon another machine. Other examples include the Euler language (intermediate language P), popularised in Pascal (1970), Pascal-P (1973), Pascal-S (1975) and USCD Pascal (1978). The latter was influential in the design of Java Byte Code and the Java Virtual Machine (1995). .NET (2003) and the Common Language Runtime (CLR) is another example.
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