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Despite the growth in trade and manufacturing, China did not develop the kind of commercial capitalism--private business based on profit--that was emerging in Europe. Some key differences between China and Europe explain this fact.

In the first place, middle-class merchants and manufacturing in China were not as independent as those in Europe. Trade and manufacturing remained under the firm control of the government. Many Chinese looked down on trade and manufacturing as inferior to farming. The state reflected this attitude by levying heavy taxes on manufacturing and trade and trade and low taxes on farming.

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Q: What was the key difference in government policy toward trade and manufacturing in Europe and in China?
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